Table 3.
Associations between types of childhood violence and IPV in adulthood among 18-24 year old females in Namibia, Violence Against Children Survey (VACS) (N=2078)1
| Adult IPV experience2 | OR (95% CI) | p- value |
aOR (95% CI)3 | p- value |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) with IPV given childhood violence |
N (%) with IPV given no childhood violence |
|||||
| Childhood physical violence | 180 (31.0%) | 243 (16.2%) | 2.45 (1.46 – 4.11) | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.07 – 3.05) | 0.03 |
| Childhood sexual violence | 99 (42.5%) | 330 (17.9%) | 2.94 (2.11 – 4.09) | <0.001 | 3.79 (2.54 – 5.67) | <0.001 |
| Childhood emotional violence | 82 (37.4%) | 322 (17.9%) | 3.12 (1.69 – 5.77) | <0.001 | 2.39 (1.18 – 4.86) | 0.02 |
| Any childhood violence | 251 (33.5%) | 178 (13.4%) | 3.74 (2.21 – 6.31) | <0.001 | 2.93 (1.64 – 5.23) | <0.001 |
| No. of types of violence | ||||||
| 0 types | 165 (12.7%) | --- | Ref | <0.001 | Ref | <0.001 |
| 1 type | 146 (29.7%) | 3.53 (2.19 – 5.69) | 2.88 (1.64 – 5.05) | |||
| 2 types | 69 (36.9%) | 4.30 (2.38 – 7.91) | 3.45 (1.74 – 6.87) | |||
| 3 or more types | 18 (40.9%) | 4.27 (1.57 – 11.62) | 3.82 (1.41 – 10.33) | |||
CV=Childhood violence; aOR=adjusted odds ratio
1
Sample includes only female participants who report ever being married, ever living with a partner, or ever having a boyfriend or romantic partner
2
Nationally representative weighted percentages
3
aOR estimates the impact of each childhood violence exposure variable after adjusting for age, education level, family support, sexual activity, normative beliefs about domestic violence, and witnessing violence in childhood