TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study sample, by groupa
| Characteristic | IPS as usual (N=36) |
IPS+VR-JIT (N=54) |
Test statistic | df | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | ||||
| Age (M±SD) | 43.8±12.8 | 46.9±12.8 | t=1.1 | 88 | .265 | ||
| Male biological sex | 22 | 61 | 29 | 54 | χ2=.5 | 1 | .487 |
| Race-ethnicity | |||||||
| Black, African American | 24 | 67 | 35 | 65 | |||
| White | 10 | 28 | 13 | 24 | χ2=1.2 | 3 | .759 |
| Latinx | 2 | 6 | 5 | 9 | |||
| More than one race | 0 | – | 1 | 2 | |||
| Years of education (M±SD) | 12.5±1.8 | 12.5±2.2 | t=.1 | 88 | .905 | ||
| Primary psychiatric diagnosis | |||||||
| Schizophrenia spectrum disorder | 19 | 53 | 36 | 67 | χ2=1.8 | 1 | .185 |
| Bipolar disorder (no psychotic features) | 9 | 25 | 6 | 11 | χ2=3.0 | 1 | .083 |
| Major depressive disorder (no psychotic features) | 8 | 22 | 12 | 22 | χ2=.0 | 1 | 1.00 |
| Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (M±SD subscale score)b | |||||||
| Thought disturbance | 6.1±3.7 | 5.3±2.8 | t=−1.3 | 88 | .206 | ||
| Anergia | 5.0±2.4 | 5.1±2.0 | t=.1 | 88 | .905 | ||
| Depressed affect | 9.4±4.2 | 8.0±3.2 | t=−1.8 | 88 | .078 | ||
| Disorganization | 3.7±1.2 | 3.6±1.2 | t=−.2 | 88 | .759 | ||
| Problematic substance usec | 10 | 28 | 10 | 19 | χ2=1.1 | 1 | .301 |
| Cognitive ability (M±SD score) | |||||||
| Neurocognitiond | 33.8±9.9 | 34.1±7.9 | t=.2 | 88 | .858 | ||
| Social cognitione | 35.0±13.6 | 36.6±15.8 | t=.5 | 88 | .615 | ||
| Community functioning (M±SD score)f | 127.5±14.5 | 130.4±12.7 | t=1.0 | 88 | .318 | ||
| Employment history | |||||||
| Had competitive employment in past 2 years | 19 | 53 | 21 | 39 | χ2=1.7 | 1 | .194 |
| Ever employed full-time | 23 | 64 | 38 | 70 | χ2=.4 | 1 | .519 |
| Ever employed part-time | 29 | 81 | 48 | 89 | χ2=1.2 | 1 | .271 |
| Days in IPS at baseline (M±SD)g | 130.3±106.4 | 105.4±94.4 | t=−1.1 | 72 | .147 | ||
| IPS nonresponderh | 21 | 58 | 25 | 46 | χ2=1.3 | 1 | .263 |
| Criminal justice history: prior felony conviction | 10 | 29 | 18 | 33 | χ2=.2 | 1 | .637 |
IPS as usual, received standard individual placement and support (IPS) services; IPS+VR-JIT, received IPS standard services and Virtual Reality Job Interview Training (VR-JIT).
As measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (38, 39). Possible subscale scores range from 4 to 28 for thought disturbance and anergia, 5 to 35 for depressed affect, and 3 to 21 for disorganization, with higher scores indicating more severe symptomatology.
As measured by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (40) and Drug Abuse Screening Test (41). Problematic substance use is reflected as 1, yes, or 0=no.
As measured by the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (42). Corrected T score mean±SD is 50±10, with higher scores indicating better neurocognition.
As measured by the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (43). Corrected T score mean±SD is 50±10, with higher scores indicating stronger social cognition.
As measured by the Specific Levels of Functioning scale (44). Possible scores range from 30 to 150, with higher scores indicating better functioning.
Two IPS-as-usual participants and one IPS+VR-JIT participant were enrolled in IPS for longer than 700 days; these individuals were outliers, and they were not included in the mean reporting of days in IPS at baseline.
A nonresponder was defined as a person who received IPS services for at least 90 days without obtaining a job or who obtained a job but lost it (was fired or quit) within 90 days.