Table 1.
Description of the general stand-age effect and the interactions of stand age with precipitation, clay type (low versus high activity), clay concentration (%), previous land-use type (cropland versus pasture) and soil depth (upper 0–15 cm versus lower 15–30 cm) on the resistance of soil properties (i.e. the difference between old-growth and agriculture) and the recovery of soil properties (i.e. the change with stand age). Empty cells for the interaction effects indicate non-significant effects. Note that the main effects of precipitation, clay type, clay concentration, previous land-use type and soil depth were also included in the model, but not explained here (but see electronic supplementary material, appendix S9 for statistics).
| soil property | resistance / recovery | stand age | stand age × precipitation | stand age × clay type | stand age × clay conc. | stand age × previous land-use type | stand age × soil depth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bulk density | resistance (change from old-growth to agriculture) | general increase | increase at high-activity clay | increase in pastures | increase in deeper soil layer | ||
| recovery (change during succession) | general decrease | stronger decrease in high-activity clay | stronger decrease at high clay conc. | stronger decrease in upper soil layer | |||
| pH | resistance (change from old-growth to agriculture) | decrease or no change | decreases in pastures | ||||
| recovery (change during succession) | decrease or no change | decreases at low rainfall, no change at high rainfall | |||||
| C | resistance (change from old-growth to agriculture) | general decrease | decrease in high-activity clay, weak change in low-activity clay | decrease in croplands, weak change in pastures | |||
| recovery (change during succession) | general increase | increase in high-activity clay, no change in low-activity clay | increase in croplands, no change in pastures | increase in upper soil layer, no change in lower soil layer | |||
| N | resistance (change from old-growth to agriculture) | general decrease | decrease at high precipitation, no change at low precipitation | decrease in high-activity clay, weak change in low-activity clay | decrease in croplands, weak change in pastures | ||
| recovery (change during succession) | general increase | increase at high precipitation, no change at low precipitation | increase in high-activity clay, no change in low-activity clay | increase in croplands, no change in pasture | increase in upper soil layer, no change in lower soil layer | ||
| C : N | resistance (change from old-growth to agriculture) | increase or no change | increase at high precipitation, no change at low precipitation | ||||
| recovery (change during succession) | decrease or no change | decrease at high precipitation, no change at low precipitation | |||||
| P | resistance (change from old-growth to agriculture) | increase or no change | increase in upper soil layer, no change in lower soil layer | ||||
| recovery (change during succession) | decrease or no change | decrease at high clay concentration, no change at low clay conc. |