Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics at ART Initiation
| Variable | Overall (n = 146) | Strata of CD4+ Count (cells/mm3) at ART Initiation | P-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 500–599 (n = 36) | 600–799 (n = 60) | ≥800 (n = 50) | |||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 39.5 (34, 48) | 36.5 (30.0, 41.5) | 40 (35.0, 47.5) | 44.5 (36.0, 50.0) | .021 |
| Sex, n (%) | .452 | ||||
| Male | 59 (40.4) | 17 (47.2) | 25 (41.7) | 17 (34.0) | |
| Female | 87 (59.6) | 19 (52.8) | 35 (58.3) | 33 (66.0) | |
| Race, n (%) | .188 | ||||
| Black | 124 (84.9) | 28 (77.8) | 53 (88.3) | 43 (86.0) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 20 (13.7) | 8 (22.2) | 5 (8.3) | 7 (14.0) | |
| Other | 2 (1.37) | 0 | 2 (3.3) | 0 | |
| Country where participant enrolled, n (%) | .372 | ||||
| Peru | 20 (13.7) | 8 (22.2) | 5 (8.3) | 7 (14.0) | |
| South Africa | 57 (39.0) | 11 (30.6) | 25 (41.7) | 21 (42.0) | |
| Uganda | 69 (47.3) | 17 (47.2) | 30 (50.0) | 22 (44.0) | |
| Estimated (self-reported) duration of HIV infection before ART initiation, median (IQR), y | 2.0 (0.4, 5.4) | 1.7 (0.4, 4.3) | 1.5 (0.4, 5.5) | 2.8 (0.5, 7.1) | .502 |
| Time on ART at time of sampling for HIV reservoir analyses, median (IQR), m | 38.2 (36.3, 41.7) | 38.6 (36.4, 41.8) | 39.2 (36.5, 41.8) | 37.1 (36.3, 41.3) | .379 |
| CD4+ count at ART initiation (cells/mm3), median (IQR) | 710.3 (604.0, 854.5) | 564.3 (533, 577) | 678 (641, 733) | 932 (852.5, 1081.5) | N/A |
| Recorded nadir CD4+ count before ART (cells/mm3), median (IQR) | 630 (530, 781) | 519 (491.5, 536.5) | 612.5 (541, 663.5) | 837 (762, 972) | N/A |
| CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio at ART initiation, median (IQR) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | .000 |
| Plasma HIV RNA at ART initiation (log10 copies/mL), median (IQR) | 3.9 (3.1, 4.7) | 4.4 (3.7, 4.9) | 3.8 (3.0, 4.7) | 3.9 (3.0, 4.5) | .505 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 19 (13.0) | 6 (16.7) | 9 (15.0) | 4 (8.0) | .403 |
| Positive cardiovascular disease, n (%)a | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A |
| Positive diabetes, n (%)b | 3 (2.1) | 0 | 2 (3.3) | 1 (2.0) | .787 |
| Positive hypertension, n (%)c | 21 (14.4) | 2 (5.56) | 12 (20.0) | 7 (14.0) | .143 |
| Positive hepatitis B, n (%) | 6 (4.1) | 1 (2.8) | 3 (5.0) | 2 (4.0) | 1.000 |
| Positive hepatitis C, n (%) | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (2.0) | 1.000 |
| ART regimen prescribed, n (%) | .450 | ||||
| NRTI + PI | 9 (6.2) | 1 (2.8) | 5 (8.3) | 3 (6.0) | |
| NRTI + NNRTI | 136 (93.2) | 34 (94.4) | 55 (91.7) | 47 (94.0) | |
| NRTI only (protocol deviation) | 1 (0.70) | 1 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; IQR, interquartile range; N/A: not applicable; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor.
Acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or coronary revascularization.
Diabetes mellitus diagnosis or receiving antidiabetic medication (insulin, metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones or biguanides, or other) or 8-hour fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL.
Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or receiving blood pressure medication (beta blockers, diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel antagonists, other).