Table 1.
Studies investigating PRR expression in the CNS.
| Biological System | Cellular/Neuroanatomical Location | Main Methods | PRR mRNA and Protein Expression | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cell culture | Neurons and astrocytes from the hypothalamus and brainstem of WKY rats | RT-qPCR, IF | mRNA in astrocytes; mRNA and protein in neurons from hypothalamic and brainstem regions |
[97] |
| Mouse | SFO, PVN, SON, NTS, and RVLM | ISH | mRNA in the SFO, PVN, SON, NTS, and RVLM | [133] |
| Rat | SON, CA, and NTS | Brain micropunch, RT-qPCR, IF |
mRNA levels increased in the SON, CA, and NTS of SHRs; Protein mainly detected in neurons of the SON |
[134] |
| Human postmortem brain | PVN and SON | RT-qPCR, IHC | mRNA in the PVN and SON; Protein in vasopressin-positive and oxytocin-positive neurons |
[135] |
| Mouse | SFO, PVN, NTS, RVLM, and NPR | IF | Protein in neurons of the SFO, PVN, NTS, RVLM, and NPR; Protein level elevated in the SFO and PVN of hypertensive RA mice |
[96] |
| Cell culture | Immortalized cell line (N-9 mouse microglia cells), primary microglia from rats | IF | Protein in microglia | [108] |
| Mouse | PVN/hypothalamus | RT-qPCR, WB | mRNA level increased in the PVN of DOCA-salt mice; Protein level increased in the hypothalamus of DOCA-salt mice |
[137] |
| Rat | PVN | IF | Protein in neurons but not astrocytes | [74] |
| Human postmortem brain | SFO | IF | Protein in neurons and microglia, but not astrocytes; Protein level elevated in hypertensive humans, and positively correlated with BP |
[136] |
| Mouse | PVN | IF | Protein mainly in neurons and a few microglia, but not in astrocytes | [70] |
| Mouse | Arc | IF | Protein is expressed in neurons but not astrocytes or microglia | [71] |
| Rat | RVLM | RT-qPCR, WB | PRR and prorenin mRNA and protein increased in the RVLM of SIH rats | [138] |
Abbreviations: Arc, arcuate nucleus; CA, central amygdala; IF, immunofluorescence; IHC, immunohistochemistry; ISH, in situ hybridization; PVN, paraventricular nucleus; NPR, nucleus of raphe pallidus; NTS, nucleus tractus solitarius; RA, renin angiotensinogen mice; RT-qPCR, quantitative reverse transcription PCR; RVLM, rostral ventrolateral medulla; SFO, subfornical organ; SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rats; SIH, stress-induced hypertension; SON, supraoptic nucleus; WB, Western blotting; WKY, Wistar Kyoto rats.