Table 2.
Impact of aging and senescence on clinical parameters
| Item | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Blood and Bone Marrow | ||
| Acid base balance | ↓ | 92 |
| Blood Lipidome | ↓↑ | 93-94 |
| Blood Metabolome | ↓↑ | 95-96 |
| Blood pressure | ↑ | 97 |
| Bone marrow function | ↓ | 98-100 |
| Integrity of endothelial barriers | ↓ | 16-17 |
| Bone | ||
| Bone mass | ↓ | 101 |
| ECM | ||
| ECM biosynthesis and organization | ↓ | 102-103 |
| ECM degradation | ↑ | 104 |
| Energy and Metabolism | ||
| Glucose tolerance | ↓ | 105-106 |
| Energy utilization - Appetite and stamina | ↓ | 107-110 |
| Fat depots | ↓ | 111 |
| GI tract | ||
| Integrity of GI barrier (leaky gut) | ↑ | 16-17 |
| Immune Response | ||
| Immune response (immunosenescence) | ↓ | 16-17, 112 |
| Inflammation | ↑ | 113-116 |
| Liver | ||
| Liver metabolism | ↓ | 117-118 |
| Musculoskeletal System | ||
| Muscle mass and physical frailty | ↓ | 119 |
| Nervous System | ||
| Memory | ↑ | 120 |
| Neural plasticity | ↓ | 121 |
| Integrity of BBB | ↓ | 122 |
| Cognition | ↓ | 110, 122 |
| Sleep | ↓ | 124 |
| Thermoregulation | ↓ | 107, 125, 126 |
| Reproductive System | ||
| Fertility | ↓ | 127, 128 |
| Respiratory System | ||
| Integrity of respiratory tract barrier | ↓ | 16-17 |
| Oxygenation | ↓ | 107, 130-131 |
| Skin | ||
| Integrity of Skin Barrier | ↓ | 16-17 |
| Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration | ||
| Stem cell function | ↓ | 16-17, 132-134 |
| Tissue regeneration | ↓ | 132, 135, 136 |
| Organ Protection | ||
| Organ, tissue, and metabolic protection | ↓ | 16-17, 110 |
| Senescence | ||
| Senescence | ↑ | 115, 137 |
| Aging | ||
| DNAm Age | ↑ | 44 |
| Age-related disorders and disease | ↑ | 88, 110 |
| Cancer | ||
| Risk of cancer | ↑ | 81, 138 |
| Health-span and Lifespan | ||
| Health-span | ↓ | 139 |
| Lifespan | ↓ | 139, 140 |
↑ Improved or protected, ↓ Deteriorated or reversed, Mutations or other changes that are unlikely to be reversible are not included.