Exhibit 1:

Characteristics of decedent study sample among Medicare beneficiaries ages 70 and older by dementia status, 2011–17

	Overall (N = 2,059)	Without dementia (N = 1,108)	With dementiaa (N = 951)
Demographics b
Age at death (median, SD), yearsc	84.5 (7.1)	83.0 (6.3)	86.8 (7.5)
Women (versus men), %	54	52	56
Black, %	9	8	11
Hispanic or Latino/a/e/x, %	6	5	8
White, %	80	82	76
Less than high school education versus high school or more, %	31	28	37
Single, divorced, widowed (versus married or partnered), %	61	59	64
Annual income, %
$0–14,600	29	25	35
$14,601–30,000	35	34	37
$30,001–1,000,000	36	40	29
Family and residence b , %
4+ children (versus fewer or none)	32	32	32
Metropolitan area type (versus nonmetro)	81	82	80
Northeast census region	21	22	18
Midwest census region	23	25	20
South census region	36	34	39
West census region	21	19	23
Health conditions b , %
Cancer	19	20	16
Heart disease	40	39	41
Lung disease	28	30	25
Stroke	10	6	15
Diabetes	31	32	29
Functional impairment b,d , %
Bathing	42	22	72
Eating	26	10	50
Dressing	43	24	72
Toileting	23	8	45
Transferring	27	11	52
Walking inside	35	16	64

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of the data from participants in the National Health and Aging Trends Study ages 70 and older who had a sample person interview and who died between 2011 and 2017. Weighted percentages (or medians) are shown. For a table that includes additional data, see online appendix exhibit A8 (see note 31 in text).

^aDementia status was determined at cohort entry based on the National Health and Aging Trends Study algorithm using: report of diagnosis, proxy responses to the AD8 dementia screening, or cognitive testing.

^bAssessed at cohort entry, which was a mean 10.5 (standard deviation [SD]: 10.0) months before death.

^cAssessed at time of death via National Health and Aging Trends Study last-month-of-life survey or via claims data.

^dImpairments indicates the percentage of participants who received help or did not do this activity of daily living.