| Category |
Study frequency |
Study ID |
| Sample size |
| Sample size above 100 participants |
4 |
Jariani 2010; Schulz 2007; Soloff 1993; Zanarini 2001
|
| Setting |
| Trials with inpatient setting |
9 |
De la Fuente 1994; Markovitz 1995a; Moen 2012; Schmahl 2012a; Shafti 2010; Shafti 2014; Simpson 2004; NCT00533117; Ziegenhorn 2009
|
| Trials with outpatient setting |
32 |
Amminger 2013; Bellino 2014; Black 2014; Bogenschutz 2004; Bozzatello 2017; Cowdry 1988; ; Frankenburg 2002; Goldberg 1986; Grant 2022; Hallahan 2007; Hollander 2001; Jariani 2010; Kulkarni 2018; Leone 1982; Linehan 2008; Loew 2006; Montgomery 1982a; Montgomery 1982b; Nickel 2004; Nickel 2005; Nickel 2006; Pascual 2008; Reich 2009; Rinne 2002; Salzman 1995; Schulz 2007; Soler 2005; Tritt 2005; Zanarini 2001; Zanarini 2003; Zanarini 2004; Zanarini 2007
|
| Trials with both inpatient and outpatient settings |
4 |
Crawford 2018; Schmahl 2012b; Soloff 1989; Soloff 1993
|
| Not stated |
1 |
AstraZeneca 2007 |
| Screening methods |
| Referral |
20 |
Amminger 2013; Bellino 2014; Bogenschutz 2004; Bozzatello 2017; Cowdry 1988; Crawford 2018; Hallahan 2007; Hollander 2001; Montgomery 1982a; Montgomery 1982b; Pascual 2008; Schmahl 2012a; Schmahl 2012b; Shafti 2010; Shafti 2014; Simpson 2004; Soler 2005; Soloff 1989; Soloff 1993; Ziegenhorn 2009
|
| Advertisement |
11 |
Frankenburg 2002; Goldberg 1986; Loew 2006; Moen 2012; Nickel 2006; Reich 2009; Salzman 1995; Tritt 2005; Zanarini 2001; Zanarini 2003; Zanarini 2004
|
| Both referral and advertisement |
6 |
Black 2014; Grant 2022; Kulkarni 2018; NCT00533117; Nickel 2005; Rinne 2002
|
| Not stated |
9 |
AstraZeneca 2007; De la Fuente 1994; Jariani 2010; Leone 1982; Linehan 2008; Markovitz 1995a; Nickel 2004; Schulz 2007; Zanarini 2007
|
| Participant mean age |
| below 18 years |
1 |
Amminger 2013 |
| 18‐26 years |
6 |
Bellino 2014; Bozzatello 2017; Loew 2006; Nickel 2006; Soloff 1989; Zanarini 2004
|
| 26‐30 years |
15 |
Black 2014; Frankenburg 2002; Jariani 2010; Nickel 2004; Nickel 2005; Pascual 2008; Rinne 2002; Schmahl 2012a; Schmahl 2012b; Shafti 2010; Shafti 2014; Soloff 1993; Tritt 2005; Zanarini 2001; Zanarini 2003
|
| above 30 years |
22 |
Bogenschutz 2004; Cowdry 1988; Crawford 2018; De la Fuente 1994; Goldberg 1986; Grant 2022; Hallahan 2007; Hollander 2001; Kulkarni 2018; Leone 1982; Linehan 2008; Moen 2012, Montgomery 1982a; Montgomery 1982b; NCT00533117; Reich 2009; Salzman 1995; Schulz 2007; Simpson 2004; Soler 2005; Zanarini 2007; Ziegenhorn 2009
|
| mean age not reported |
2 |
AstraZeneca 2007; Markovitz 1995a
|
| Psychiatric comorbidity |
| Comorbidity |
22 |
Amminger 2013; Black 2014; Bogenschutz 2004; Cowdry 1988; Frankenburg 2002; Goldberg 1986; Grant 2022; Jariani 2010; Kulkarni 2018; Markovitz 1995a; Moen 2012; Nickel 2005; Nickel 2006; Reich 2009; Rinne 2002; Schmahl 2012b; Simpson 2004; Soloff 1989; Soloff 1993; Zanarini 2004; Zanarini 2007; Ziegenhorn 2009
|
| No comorbidity |
6 |
Bellino 2014; Salzman 1995; Schulz 2007; Shafti 2010; Shafti 2014; Soler 2005
|
| Not stated |
18 |
AstraZeneca 2007; Bozzatello 2017; Crawford 2018; De la Fuente 1994; Hallahan 2007; Hollander 2001; Leone 1982; Linehan 2008; Loew 2006; Montgomery 1982a; Montgomery 1982b; NCT00533117; Nickel 2004; Pascual 2008; Schmahl 2012a;Tritt 2005; Zanarini 2001; Zanarini 2003
|
| Sex |
| Only females included |
15 |
Cowdry 1988; Frankenburg 2002; Linehan 2008; Loew 2006; Nickel 2004; Rinne 2002; Schmahl 2012a; Schmahl 2012b; Shafti 2010; Shafti 2014; Simpson 2004; Tritt 2005; Zanarini 2001; Zanarini 2003; Zanarini 2004
|
| Only males included |
1 |
Nickel 2005 |
| Not stated |
1 |
Markovitz 1995a |
| Severity of impairment at baseline |
| Mild symptoms, slight impairment |
3 |
GAF/GAS scores 60 or higher
Black 2014; Goldberg 1986; Salzman 1995
|
| Moderate impairment |
10 |
GAF/GAS scores 51 to 60
Amminger 2013; De la Fuente 1994;Frankenburg 2002; Hollander 2001; Reich 2009; Schulz 2007; Zanarini 2003; Zanarini 2004; Zanarini 2007
|
CGi score 4
Bogenschutz 2004
|
| Serious impairment, markedly ill |
6 |
GAF/GAS scores 41 to 50
Linehan 2008; Simpson 2004; Soloff 1989; Soloff 1993
|
CGI score 5
Soler 2005
|
SFQ score 15
Crawford 2018
|
| Diagnostic classification |
| DSM |
2 |
Black 2014; Loew 2006
|
| DSM‐III diagnosis |
7 |
Cowdry 1988; De la Fuente 1994; Goldberg 1986; Leone 1982; Montgomery 1982a; Montgomery 1982b; Soloff 1989
|
| DSM‐III‐R diagnosis |
3 |
Markovitz 1995a; Salzman 1995; Soloff 1993
|
| DSM‐IV diagnosis |
28 |
Amminger 2013; AstraZeneca 2007; Bogenschutz 2004; Bozzatello 2017; Crawford 2018; Frankenburg 2002; Hallahan 2007; Hollander 2001; Kulkarni 2018; Linehan 2008; Moen 2012 Nickel 2004; Nickel 2005; Nickel 2006; Pascual 2008; Reich 2009; Rinne 2002; Schmahl 2012a; Schmahl 2012b; Schulz 2007; Shafti 2010; Simpson 2004; Soler 2005; Tritt 2005; Zanarini 2001; Zanarini 2003; Zanarini 2004; Ziegenhorn 2009
|
| DSM‐IV‐TR diagnosis |
4 |
Bellino 2014; Jariani 2010; Shafti 2014; Zanarini 2007
|
| DSM‐5 |
1 |
Grant 2022 |
| Not stated |
1 |
NCT00533117 |
| Diagnostic assessment |
| DIB |
4 |
Cowdry 1988; De la Fuente 1994; Soloff 1989; Soloff 1993
|
| DIB‐R |
4 |
Reich 2009; Zanarini 2001; Zanarini 2003; Zanarini 2004
|
| Clinical consensus |
1 |
Amminger 2013 |
| DIPD‐IV |
1 |
Frankenburg 2002 |
| DIPD‐IV and ZAN‐BPD |
2 |
Schulz 2007; Zanarini 2007
|
| IPDE |
2 |
Schmahl 2012a; Schmahl 2012b
|
| IPDE and SCID‐I |
1 |
Crawford 2018; |
| Not stated |
4 |
Leone 1982; NCT00533117 Shafti 2010; Shafti 2014; |
| MINI and SCID‐II |
1 |
Ziegenhorn 2009 |
| SCID (unspecified) |
1 |
Black 2014 |
| SCID‐I and SCID‐II |
3 |
Bellino 2014; Bozzatello 2017; Moen 2012
|
| SCID‐II |
11 |
AstraZeneca 2007; Bogenschutz 2004; Hallahan 2007; Hollander 2001; Linehan 2008; Loew 2006; Nickel 2004; Nickel 2005; Nickel 2006; Simpson 2004; Tritt 2005
|
| SCID‐II, ADP‐IV and BPDSI |
1 |
Rinne 2002 |
| SCID‐II and DIB20 |
1 |
Markovitz 1995a |
| SCID‐II and DIB‐R |
3 |
Pascual 2008; Salzman 1995; Soler 2005
|
| SIB |
1 |
Goldberg 1986 |
| Unspecified clinical interview |
3 |
Jariani 2010; Montgomery 1982a; Montgomery 1982b
|
| ZAN‐BPD |
2 |
Grant 2022; Kulkarni 2018
|
| Most common exclusion criteria in included studies |
| Participants with alcohol or
substance abuse or dependence excluded |
31 |
Amminger 2013; AstraZeneca 2007; Bellino 2014; Black 2014; Bogenschutz 2004; Bozzatello 2017; De la Fuente 1994; Frankenburg 2002; Goldberg 1986; Grant 2022; Hallahan 2007; Hollander 2001; Kulkarni 2018; Linehan 2008; Loew 2006; Moen 2012; NCT00533117; Nickel 2004; Nickel 2005; Pascual 2008; Salzman 1995; Schmahl 2012a; Schmahl 2012b; Schulz 2007; Shafti 2014; Simpson 2004; Soloff 1993, Tritt 2005; Zanarini 2001; Zanarini 2007; Ziegenhorn 2009
|
| Participants with acute suicidal or aggressive behaviour excluded |
15 |
Amminger 2013; Black 2014; Bogenschutz 2004; Frankenburg 2002; Grant 2022; Linehan 2008; Loew 2006; Nickel 2004; Nickel 2005; Nickel 2006; Reich 2009; Salzman 1995; Tritt 2005; Zanarini 2001; Zanarini 2007
|
| Participants with current major depression, bipolar affective disorders or psychotic disorders excluded |
38 |
Amminger 2013; AstraZeneca 2007; Bellino 2014; Black 2014; Bogenschutz 2004; Bozzatello 2017; Crawford 2018; De la Fuente 1994; Frankenburg 2002; Goldberg 1986; Hallahan 2007; Hollander 2001; Kulkarni 2018; Linehan 2008; Loew 2006; Moen 2012; Montgomery 1982a; Montgomery 1982b; NCT00533117; Nickel 2004; Nickel 2005; Nickel 2006; Pascual 2008; Reich 2009; Salzman 1995; Schmahl 2012a; Schmahl 2012b; Schulz 2007; Shafti 2010; Shafti 2014; Simpson 2004; Soloff 1989; Tritt 2005; Zanarini 2001; Zanarini 2003; Zanarini 2004; Zanarini 2007; Ziegenhorn 2009
|
| Participants with organic illness, mental retardation, cognitive disorder or impairment excluded |
18 |
Bellino 2014; Black 2014; Bogenschutz 2004; Bozzatello 2017; Crawford 2018; Goldberg 1986; Grant 2022: Kulkarni 2018; Leone 1982; Linehan 2008; Montgomery 1982a; Montgomery 1982b; NCT00533117; Pascual 2008; Reich 2009; Shafti 2014; Soloff 1989; Soloff 1993; |
| Participants with severe somatic illness or chronic medical conditions excluded |
19 |
Crawford 2018; Frankenburg 2002; Goldberg 1986; Grant 2022: Hollander 2001; Jariani 2010; Kulkarni 2018; Leone 1982; Loew 2006; NCT00533117; Nickel 2004; Nickel 2005; Nickel 2006; Reich 2009; Schmahl 2012a; Schmahl 2012b; Tritt 2005; Zanarini 2001; Ziegenhorn 2009
|
| Pregnant or breastfeeding participants excluded |
20 |
Bogenschutz 2004; Black 2014; Frankenburg 2002; Grant 2022; Hallahan 2007; Hollander 2001; Kulkarni 2018; Linehan 2008; Moen 2012; NCT00533117; Nickel 2004; Nickel 2006; Reich 2009; Schmahl 2012a; Schmahl 2012b; Simpson 2004; Tritt 2005; Zanarini 2001; Zanarini 2007; Ziegenhorn 2009
|
| Not stated |
2 |
Cowdry 1988; Markovitz 1995a
|
| *Trials may be mentioned more than once in this table section due to several exclusion criteria in each trial. This section lists the most common exclusion criteria in the included trials and is not exhaustive. |
| Duration of intervention |
| Between three and 12 months |
11 |
Cowdry 1988; Crawford 2018; Frankenburg 2002; Grant 2022; Linehan 2008; Markovitz 1995a; Moen 2012; Montgomery 1982a; Montgomery 1982b; NCT00533117; Zanarini 2001
|
| Less than three months |
35 |
Amminger 2013; AstraZeneca 2007; Bellino 2014; Black 2014; Bozzatello 2017; Bogenschutz 2004; De la Fuente 1994; Goldberg 1986; Hallahan 2007; Hollander 2001; Jariani 2010; Kulkarni 2018; Leone 1982; Loew 2006; Nickel 2004; Nickel 2005; Nickel 2006; Pascual 2008; Reich 2009; Rinne 2002; Salzman 1995, Schmahl 2012a; Schmahl 2012b; Schulz 2007; Shafti 2010; Shafti 2014; Simpson 2004; Soler 2005; Soloff 1989; Soloff 1993; Tritt 2005; Zanarini 2003; Zanarini 2004; Zanarini 2007; Ziegenhorn 2009
|
| Concomitant treatment |
| Dialectic Behaviour therapy (DBT) and supportive psychotherapy |
1 |
NCT00533117 |
| Dialectic Behavioural therapy (DBT) |
4 |
Linehan 2008; Moen 2012; Simpson 2004; Soler 2005
|
| Non‐specific need‐based psychological and psychosocial interventions |
1 |
Amminger 2013 |
| Supportive atheoretical psychotherapy |
1 |
De la Fuente 1994 |
| Nonspecific supportive psychotherapy |
6 |
Kulkarni 2018; Montgomery 1982a; Montgomery 1982b; Pascual 2008; Schmahl 2012a; Schmahl 2012b
|
| Psychotherapy allowed if initiated prior to randomisation |
1 |
Bogenschutz 2004 |
| Psychotherapy not allowed |
12 |
Black 2014; Bozzatello 2017 Frankenburg 2002; Hallahan 2007; Loew 2006; Nickel 2004; Nickel 2005; Nickel 2006; Reich 2009; Rinne 2002; Shafti 2010; Tritt 2005
|
| Not stated |
20 |
AstraZeneca 2007; Bellino 2014; Cowdry 1988; Crawford 2018; Goldberg 1986; Grant 2022; Hollander 2001; Jariani 2010; Leone 1982; Markovitz 1995a; Salzman 1995; Schulz 2007; Shafti 2014; Soloff 1989; Soloff 1993; Zanarini 2001; Zanarini 2003; Zanarini 2004; Zanarini 2007; Ziegenhorn 2009
|
| Concomitant medication |
| Concomitant medication not allowed |
8 |
Bellino 2014; Bozzatello 2017; Moen 2012; Nickel 2004; Nickel 2006; Salzman 1995; Shafti 2014; Soloff 1993
|
| Benzodiazepines or SSRIs (or both) allowed |
13 |
Amminger 2013; AstraZeneca 2007; Black 2014; Kulkarni 2018; Leone 1982; NCT00533117; Pascual 2008; Reich 2009; Schulz 2007; Simpson 2004, Soler 2005; Soloff 1989; Ziegenhorn 2009
|
| Medication for stable, chronic medical conditions allowed |
1 |
Bogenschutz 2004 |
| Antidepressants, mood stabilisers and stimulants allowed |
1 |
Grant 2022 |
| Psychothropics allowed |
2 |
Hallahan 2007; Jariani 2010
|
| Psychothropics not allowed |
7 |
Frankenburg 2002; Loew 2006; Nickel 2005; Rinne 2002; Shafti 2010; Tritt 2005; Zanarini 2001
|
| Not stated |
14 |
Cowdry 1988; Crawford 2018; De la Fuente 1994; Goldberg 1986; Hollander 2001; Linehan 2008; Markovitz 1995a Montgomery 1982a; Montgomery 1982b; Schmahl 2012a; Schmahl 2012b; Zanarini 2003; Zanarini 2004; Zanarini 2007
|
| Pharmacotherapy type |
| Antidepressants |
| fluoxetine |
3 |
Markovitz 1995a; NCT00533117; Salzman 1995; Simpson 2004; |
| fluvoxamine |
1 |
Rinne 2002 |
| mianserin |
1 |
Montgomery 1982b |
| amitriptyline |
1 |
Soloff 1989 |
| phenelzine sulphate |
1 |
Soloff 1993 |
| tranylcypromine sulfate |
1 |
Cowdry 1988 |
| First‐generation antipsychotics |
| haloperidol |
2 |
Soloff 1989; Soloff 1993
|
| thiothixene |
1 |
Goldberg 1986 |
| loxapine |
1 |
Leone 1982 |
| flupenthixol |
1 |
Montgomery 1982a |
| trifluoperazine hydrochloride |
1 |
Cowdry 1988 |
| Second‐generation antipsychotics |
| olanzapine |
7 |
Bogenschutz 2004; Bozzatello 2017; Linehan 2008; Schulz 2007; Soler 2005; Zanarini 2001, Zanarini 2007
|
| aripiprazole |
1 |
Nickel 2006 |
| asenapine |
1 |
Bozzatello 2017 |
| brexpiprazole |
1 |
Grant 2022 |
| ziprasidone |
1 |
Pascual 2008 |
| quetiapine |
1 |
Black 2014 |
| Anticonvulsants |
| lamotrigine |
3 |
Crawford 2018; Reich 2009; Tritt 2005
|
| topiramate |
3 |
Loew 2006; Nickel 2004; Nickel 2005
|
| valporate |
3 |
Frankenburg 2002; Hollander 2001; Moen 2012
|
| carbamazepine |
2 |
Cowdry 1988; De la Fuente 1994
|
| Miscellaneous |
|
|
| Miscellaneous omega‐3 fatty acids |
3 |
Amminger 2013; Hallahan 2007; Zanarini 2003
|
| Antidementia drug: memantine hydrochloride |
1 |
Kulkarni 2018 |
| Opioid antagonist: naltrexone |
2 |
Schmahl 2012a; Schmahl 2012b
|
| Antihypertensive: clonidine |
1 |
Ziegenhorn 2009 |
| Benzodiazepine: alprazolam |
1 |
Cowdry 1988 |
| Funding |
| Funded by grants from universities, authorities or research foundations |
10 |
Amminger 2013; Crawford 2018; Hallahan 2007; Kulkarni 2018; NCT00533117; Rinne 2002; Shafti 2014; Soloff 1989; Soloff 1993; Zanarini 2003
|
| Funded or partially funded by pharmaceutical industry |
17 |
AstraZeneca 2007; Black 2014; Bogenschutz 2004; Frankenburg 2002; Grant 2022; Hollander 2001; Leone 1982; Linehan 2008; Moen 2012; Pascual 2008; Reich 2009; Schulz 2007; Simpson 2004; Soler 2005; Zanarini 2001; Zanarini 2004; Zanarini 2007
|
| No funding received |
8 |
Bellino 2014; Bozzatello 2017; Loew 2006; Nickel 2005; Nickel 2006; Shafti 2010; Tritt 2005; Ziegenhorn 2009
|
| Unclear funding |
11 |
Cowdry 1988; De la Fuente 1994; Goldberg 1986; Jariani 2010; Markovitz 1995a; Montgomery 1982a; Montgomery 1982b; Nickel 2004; Salzman 1995; Schmahl 2012a; Schmahl 2012b
|
|
ADP‐IV: Assessment of DSM‐IV Personality Disorders questionnaire;BPDSI‐IV: Borderline Personality Disorder Severity Index; BSI: Borderline Syndrome Index; CI‐BPD: Childhood Interview for DSM‐IV Borderline Personality Disorder; DBT: Dialectal Behaviour Therapy; DIB: Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Patients; DIB‐R: Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Patients ‐ revised version; DIPD‐IV: Diagnostic Interview for DSM‐IV Personality Disorders; DSM‐III: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition; DSM‐III‐R: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised; DSM‐IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; DSM‐IV‐TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision; ICD‐10: International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision; ID: Identifier;IPDE: International Personality Disorder Examination; MINI: The Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview;IPDE: Personality Disorders Examination; SCID‐II: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis II Personality Disorders; SIB: self‐injurious behaviour; SIDP‐IV: Structured Interview for DSM‐IV Personality; SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; ZAN‐BPD: Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder. |
