Table 2.
Adjusted odds ratios: Correlates of hospitalization in adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
| Model | Characteristic | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)* | q-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elixhauser comorbidity score | |||
| Diabetes status No diabetes |
1 [Reference] | ||
| Type 1 diabetes | 5.06 (4.23–6.06) | <0.001 | |
| Type 2 diabetes | 2.16 (2.07–2.25) | <0.001 | |
| Age (years) | |||
| 18–29 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| 30–39 | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) | <0.001 | |
| 40–49 | 1.32 (1.25–1.39) | <0.001 | |
| 50–59 | 1.86 (1.76–1.95) | <0.001 | |
| 60–69 | 2.59 (2.45–2.74) | <0.001 | |
| 70–79 | 3.48 (3.25–3.72) | <0.001 | |
| 80+ | 6.22 (5.75–6.72) | <0.001 | |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Male | 1.22 (1.18–1.25) | <0.001 | |
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.83 (0.79–0.87) | <0.001 | |
| Hispanic | 0.84 (0.80–0.87) | <0.001 | |
| AAPI/AIAN/NHO | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 0.068 | |
| Payer | |||
| Private insurance | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Public insurance | 1.40 (1.33–1.48) | <0.001 | |
| Government/Military | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | 0.291 | |
| Charity/Other | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) | 0.345 | |
| Self-pay | 0.70 (0.65–0.76) | <0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| 18.5–24.9 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| <18.5 | 1.22 (1.08–1.39) | 0.003 | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | 0.217 | |
| 30.0–34.9 | 1.15 (1.10–1.21) | <0.001 | |
| 35.0–39.9 | 1.31 (1.24–1.39) | <0.001 | |
| >=40 | 1.71 (1.61–1.81) | <0.001 | |
| Census division | |||
| West South Central | 1 [Reference] | ||
| East North Central | 1.09 (0.54–2.21) | 0.832 | |
| East South Central | 1.67 (0.56–5.01) | 0.447 | |
| Middle Atlantic | 1.58 (0.56–4.41) | 0.469 | |
| Mountain | 1.17 (0.51–2.66) | 0.758 | |
| New England | 1.59 (0.65–3.92) | 0.398 | |
| Pacific | 0.87 (0.38–2.03) | 0.793 | |
| South Atlantic | 0.74 (0.29–1.86) | 0.592 | |
| West North Central | 0.78 (0.39–1.55) | 0.553 | |
| Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency | 1.71 (1.56–1.87) | <0.001 | |
| Elixhauser comorbidity score | 1.08 (1.08–1.08) | <0.001 | |
| Elixhauser comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes status No diabetes |
1 [Reference] | ||
| Type 1 diabetes | 2.69 (2.23–3.25) | <0.001 | |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.48 (1.41–1.55) | <0.001 | |
| Age (years) | |||
| 18–29 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| 30–39 | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | 0.018 | |
| 40–49 | 1.16 (1.10–1.23) | <0.001 | |
| 50–59 | 1.58 (1.50–1.67) | <0.001 | |
| 60–69 | 2.16 (2.04–2.30) | <0.001 | |
| 70–79 | 2.87 (2.67–3.09) | <0.001 | |
| 80+ | 4.78 (4.39–5.20) | <0.001 | |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Male | 1.19 (1.16–1.23) | <0.001 | |
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.80 (0.76–0.85) | <0.001 | |
| Hispanic | 0.90 (0.86–0.94) | <0.001 | |
| AAPI/AIAN/NHO | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 0.005 | |
| Payer | |||
| Private insurance | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Public insurance | 1.25 (1.19–1.32) | <0.001 | |
| Government/Military | 0.86 (0.74–1.00) | 0.076 | |
| Charity/Other | 1.08 (0.91–1.29) | 0.447 | |
| Self-pay | 0.71 (0.66–0.76) | <0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| 18.5–24.9 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| <18.5 | 1.14 (1.00–1.30) | 0.073 | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 0.013 | |
| 30.0–34.9 | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) | <0.001 | |
| 35.0–39.9 | 1.28 (1.21–1.36) | <0.001 | |
| >=40 | 1.54 (1.45–1.64) | <0.001 | |
| Census division | |||
| West South Central | 1 [Reference] | ||
| East North Central | 1.36 (0.66–2.82) | 0.484 | |
| East South Central | 3.01 (1.07–8.51) | 0.063 | |
| Middle Atlantic | 2.71 (1.04–7.05) | 0.067 | |
| Mountain | 1.55 (0.67–3.55) | 0.393 | |
| New England | 2.21 (0.90–5.39) | 0.126 | |
| Pacific | 1.47 (0.71–3.06) | 0.393 | |
| South Atlantic | 1.40 (0.67–2.95) | 0.456 | |
| West North Central | 1.09 (0.54–2.20) | 0.834 | |
| Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency | 1.46 (1.33–1.61) | <0.001 | |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.37 (1.28–1.47) | <0.001 | |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 1.30 (1.24–1.36) | <0.001 | |
| Valvular disease | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) | 0.049 | |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 1.93 (1.76–2.13) | <0.001 | |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 0.063 | |
| Hypertension | 1.39 (1.33–1.45) | <0.001 | |
| Paralysis | 1.73 (1.50–2.01) | <0.001 | |
| Neurodegenerative disorders | 1.41 (1.31–1.53) | <0.001 | |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | 0.025 | |
| Hypothyroidism | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 0.020 | |
| Renal failure | 1.42 (1.33–1.52) | <0.001 | |
| Liver disease | 1.05 (0.98–1.11) | 0.215 | |
| Peptic ulcer disease (no bleeding) | 0.79 (0.68–0.93) | 0.006 | |
| AIDS/HIV | 1.42 (1.17–1.72) | 0.001 | |
| Lymphoma | 1.06 (0.83–1.36) | 0.687 | |
| Metastatic cancer | 1.71 (1.41–2.08) | <0.001 | |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.913 | |
| RA/collagen vascular diseases | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 0.484 | |
| Coagulopathy | 2.91 (2.70–3.13) | <0.001 | |
| Weight loss | 1.61 (1.48–1.76) | <0.001 | |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 3.75 (3.61–3.88) | <0.001 | |
| Blood loss anemia | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) | 0.832 | |
| Deficiency anemia | 1.32 (1.22–1.43) | <0.001 | |
| Alcohol abuse | 0.85 (0.65–1.12) | 0.343 | |
| Drug abuse | 1.20 (1.11–1.28) | <0.001 | |
| Psychosis | 1.25 (1.12–1.38) | <0.001 | |
| Depression | 0.90 (0.86–0.95) | <0.001 | |
Table legend: Forest plots of the adjusted odds ratios for each model are in Supplemental Figures 1 and 2. Unadjusted odds ratios are in Supplemental Table 12.
Abbreviations: AAPI/AIAN/NHO, Asian American/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, Non-Hispanic Other; AIDS/HIV, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus; BMI, body mass index; RA, rheumatoid arthritis