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. 2022 Nov 14;13:6932. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33976-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Panel a shows the share of final energy that is required for the construction and operation of the energy system. Panel b shows final energy per capita (solid black line), and how much of it will be left for society as net energy per capita. Panel c shows the evolution of the EROI of the overall energy system. All panels show a range of three estimates: high-EROI (dashed line), median-EROI (solid line), and low-EROI (dotted line).