Table 2.
Weighted and adjusted odds ratios of PPI use and covariates with suicide ideation in 16,881 participants, NHANES 2005–2018.
| Variable | Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of suicide ideation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted model 1 | Adjusted model 2 | |
| PPI (yes vs. no) | 1.79 (1.35–2.37) | 1.90 (1.36–2.66) | 2.34 (1.66–3.31) |
| Education | |||
| Beyond high school | Reference | Reference | |
| High school or below | 0.72 (0.57–0.91) | 0.61 (0.48–0.77) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | Reference | Reference | |
| Female | 1.25 (1.01–1.55) | 1.21 (1.00–1.48) | |
| Race | |||
| Hispanic | Reference | Reference | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 0.37 (0.27–0.50) | 0.41 (0.30–0.55) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.50 (0.37–0.69) | 0.58 (0.43–0.78) | |
| Other | 0.66 (0.48–0.91) | 0.67 (0.48–0.92) | |
| BMI | |||
| Underweight | Reference | ||
| Normal or healthy weight | 2.08 (0.92–4.68) | ||
| Overweight | 2.06 (0.91–4.68) | ||
| Obese | 2.60 (1.15–5.75) | ||
| Smoking | |||
| Current smoker | Reference | ||
| Previous smoker | 0.46 (0.35–0.60) | ||
| Never smoker | 0.36 (0.23–0.49) | ||
| Number of comorbiditiesa | |||
| 0 | 0.42 (0.24–0.74) | ||
| 1 | Reference | ||
| 2 | 0.50 (0.24–1.06) | ||
| > 3 | 0.68 (0.29–1.31) | ||
| Age | |||
| 20–29 | Reference | ||
| 30–39 | 1.65 (1.15–2.36) | ||
| 40–49 | 1.37 (0.89–2.10) | ||
| 50–59 | 1.65 (1.06–2.56) | ||
| ≥ 60 | 1.68 (1.10–2.56) | ||
aComorbidities included angina, coronary heart disease, heart failure, myocardial infarction and stroke.