Table 3.
Weighted and adjusted odds ratios of PPI use and covariates with depression in 16,881 participants, NHANES 2005–2018.
| Variable | Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of depression | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted model 1 | Adjusted model 2 | |
| PPI (yes vs. no) | 3.01 (2.51–3.60) | 3.77 (3.01–4.73) | 3.41 (2.67–4.34) |
| Education | |||
| Beyond high school | Reference | Reference | |
| High school or below | 0.54 (0.46–0.63) | 0.69 (0.59–0.81) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | Reference | Reference | |
| Female | 1.86 (1.53–2.26) | 2.05 (1.68–2.50) | |
| Race | |||
| Hispanic | Reference | Reference | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.56 (1.24–1.98) | 0.48 (0.38–0.61) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.89 (0.73–1.11) | 0.75 (0.59–0.94) | |
| Other | 1.40 (1.16–1.70) | 0.62 (0.49–0.78) | |
| Age | |||
| 20–29 | 1.62 (1.24–2.21) | 1.60 (1.21–2.21) | |
| 30–39 | 1.49 (1.14–1.96) | 1.47 (1.10–1.96) | |
| 40–49 | 1.54 (1.17–2.01) | 1.47 (1.11–1.96) | |
| 50–59 | Reference | Reference | |
| Smoking | |||
| Current smoker | Reference | ||
| Previous smoker | 0.33 (0.27–0.42) | ||
| Never smoker | 0.32 (0.26–0.39) | ||
| Diabetes | |||
| Yes | Reference | ||
| No | 2.28 (1.68–3.10) | ||