Table 3.
Descriptive statistics by group, tests of improvement over time, and group effects.
| T1 | T2 | Test statistic | Estimated mean difference (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N; M (SD) | N; M (SD) | t/F (df; p) | ||
| Cancellation | ||||
| Range | − 18 to 30 | − 18 to 29 | ||
| Sample | 251; 9.44 (7.44) | 234; 11.76 (6.78) | − 4.38a (233; < 0.001) | − 2.26 [− 3.28, − 1.24] |
| Probiotic | 74; 9.26 (6.18) | 65; 11.82 (5.45) | 2.55b (2, 230; 0.081) | |
| Placebo | 79; 7.42 (8.04) | 75; 9.85 (6.74) | ||
| DAU | 98; 11.21 (7.45) | 94; 13.24 (7.31) | ||
| Numeracy—dots | ||||
| Range | 0–33 | |||
| Sample | 245; 12.75 (7.55) | |||
| Probiotic | 74; 12.39 (6.73) | 4.34b (2, 242; 0.014) | ||
| Placebo | 77; 11.08 (7.75) | |||
| DAU | 94; 14.40 (7.73) | |||
| Numeracy—numbers | ||||
| Range | 0–32 | |||
| Sample | 245; 9.40 (6.58) | |||
| Probiotic | 74; 9.12 (6.56) | 1.13b (2, 242; 0.324) | ||
| Placebo | 77; 8.73 (6.02) | |||
| DAU | 94; 10.18 (7.01) | |||
| Flanker | ||||
| Range | 1.05–7.71 | 1.67–7.86 | ||
| Sample | 82; 4.57 (1.55) | 113; 4.76 (1.54) | − 2.33a (51; 0.024) | − 0.54 [− 1.01, − 0.07] |
| Probiotic | 26; 4.34 (1.53) | 33; 4.65 (1.43) | 0.20b (2, 48; 0.818) | |
| Placebo | 21; 4.56 (1.43) | 29; 5.09 (1.46) | ||
| DAU | 35; 4.74 (1.65) | 51; 4.64 (1.66) | ||
| Set shifting | ||||
| Range | 3.03–7.21 | 3.38–7.75 | ||
| Sample | 67; 5.06 (0.80) | 100; 5.37 (0.91) | − 2.18a (48; 0.034) | − 0.33 [− 0.64, − 0.03] |
| Probiotic | 21; 5.12 (0.89) | 32; 5.30 (0.85) | 0.23b (2, 45; 0.796) | |
| Placebo | 15; 5.10 (0.86) | 23; 5.39 (0.94) | ||
| DAU | 31; 4.99 (0.74) | 45; 5.40 (0.94) | ||
| Go/no go | ||||
| Range | 18–95 | 35–98 | ||
| Sample | 109; 76.06 (13.16) | 140; 77.39 (14.51) | − 2.89a (90; 0.005) | − 4.62 [− 7.79, − 1.45] |
| Probiotic | 29; 74.90 (12.80) | 44; 74.32 (17.18) | 0.21b (2, 87; 0.811) | |
| Placebo | 25; 77.00 (16.37) | 33; 79.30 (12.91) | ||
| DAU | 55; 76.24 (11.87) | 63; 78.52 (13.09) | ||
aPaired samples t-test comparing scores at T2 with those of T1 for the group as a whole; bANCOVA examining group difference in T2 scores with T1 scores included as covariate (except Numeracy).