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. 2022 Nov 11;86:104349. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104349

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© 2022 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Fig. 1 — Study design and lipidomic changes during cold exposure. (a) Overview of the crossover study design. During the first occasion, participants were exposed to a personalized cooling protocol. During the other occasion, participants were exposed to constant room temperature. Under both conditions, venous blood was drawn at five sequential timepoints (i.e., baseline, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min) to obtain serum for longitudinal lipidomic profiling. (b) Dynamic changes in total free fatty acid and triacylglycerol concentration during cold exposure, as measured with enzymatic assays. Data is presented as mean and standard error of the mean. P values are obtained from ANOVA repeated measures. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01; compared to baseline (i.e., 0 min). (c) Baseline relative abundance of the number of lipid classes. (d) Dynamic changes in lipid classes during cold exposure. Data is presented as the log2 fold change (log2FC) relative to baseline (i.e., 0 min). P values are obtained from ANOVA repeated measures. (e) Volcano plot showing the change of individual lipid species after 120 min of cold exposure. The X-axis shows the log2FC between 120 min of cold exposure vs. baseline, the Y-axis shows the P value. P values are obtained from paired Student's t test. Values between brackets indicate the absolute number and the percentage of lipid species within the lipid class that were modulated by cold exposure. (f) Heatmap of free fatty acid (FFA) species that significantly dynamically changed during cold exposure. The color of the squares represents the log2FC relative to baseline. FFAs are sorted by the number of double bonds. ANOVA repeated measures were used to compare the different timepoints. CE, cholesteryl esters; CER, ceramides; DAG, diacylglycerols; DCER, dihydroceramides; FFA, free fatty acids; FC, fold change; HCER, hexosylceramides; LCER, lactosylceramides; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; LPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; SM, sphingomyelin; TAG, triacylglycerols; TN, thermoneutral.