Table 3.
Examining Group Differences Robust to Covariate Adjustment
| Outcome Measure | Income | Medication | ADHD-IN | SCT Group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | b | SE | spr | |
| Standardized Achievement Tests & GPA Measures (higher scores higher skills) | |||||||||
| Reading Comprehension | 0.71 | 0.43 | −2.14 | 2.10 | −0.28 | 0.67 | 6.76** | 2.13 | .23 |
| Basic Reading | 0.30 | 0.57 | −2.50 | 2.18 | 0.54 | 0.81 | 6.85** | 2.29 | .21 |
| Spelling | 0.35 | 0.50 | −2.91 | 1.99 | 0.06 | 0.66 | 5.65** | 1.95 | .19 |
| Numerical Operations | 1.10 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 1.84 | −0.66 | 0.69 | 5.37** | 1.72 | .18 |
| Math Fluency | 0.67 | 0.47 | −2.12 | 1.69 | −1.29 | 0.67 | 7.80*** | 1.65 | .26 |
| Writing Fluency | 1.31* | 0.53 | −4.08 | 2.22 | −0.70 | 0.87 | 3.10 | 2.30 | .10 |
| GPA | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.08 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.18* | 0.09 | .16 |
| Curriculum Based Measurement and Observed Classroom Time on Tasks Measures | |||||||||
| Word Reading-Words Read | 1.13 | 1.55 | 2.25 | 7.11 | −0.85 | 2.28 | 17.77** | 5.91 | .20 |
| Word Reading % Accuracy | 0.48 | 0.33 | −1.27 | 1.80 | −0.05 | 0.55 | 4.28** | 1.54 | .19 |
| Reading Maze-Time Per Correct | −1.33 | 0.83 | 4.53 | 4.41 | −0.85 | 1.37 | −11.09** | 3.34 | −.19 |
| Math Analogue-Productivity | −0.11 | 2.92 | 12.98 | 12.68 | −1.83 | 3.93 | 35.31** | 12.94 | .20 |
| Math Analogue-Accuracy | 0.17 | 0.91 | −3.62 | 3.54 | 1.44 | 1.15 | −0.11 | 3.71 | .00 |
| Math Analogue-% Time on Task | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | .12 |
| % Time on Classroom Tasks | −0.18 | 0.61 | 1.96 | 2.38 | −1.37 | 0.75 | 0.79 | 2.52 | .03 |
| Homework Performance (higher scores equal better performance) | |||||||||
| Parent Report | 0.03 | 0.02 | −0.12 | 0.07 | −0.07* | 0.03 | 0.32*** | 0.08 | .27 |
| Teacher Report | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.16 | −0.46*** | 0.06 | 0.48** | 0.15 | .17 |
| Organization Skills (higher scores equal lower skills) | |||||||||
| Planning | −0.43 | 0.38 | 2.68 | 1.61 | 0.73 | 0.58 | −4.84* | 1.85 | −.19 |
| Organized Actions | −0.39 | 0.26 | 1.54 | 1.14 | 0.68 | 0.39 | −3.67** | 1.16 | −.21 |
| Memory Materials Management | −0.59 | 0.37 | 3.77* | 1.57 | 1.20* | 0.57 | −3.92* | 1.56 | −.16 |
| Total Score | −0.37 | 0.35 | 3.86* | 1.52 | 1.24* | 0.58 | −4.26** | 1.61 | −.18 |
| Academic Skills (higher scores equal higher skills) | |||||||||
| Total | 0.01 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.10 | −0.16*** | 0.04 | 0.36** | 0.11 | .22 |
| Reading/Language Arts | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.11 | −0.14** | 0.04 | 0.45*** | 0.12 | .25 |
| Math | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.06 | 0.13 | −0.19*** | 0.05 | 0.36** | 0.14 | .18 |
| Critical Thinking | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.10 | −0.15*** | 0.04 | 0.30** | 0.11 | .19 |
| Academic Enablers (higher scores equal higher skills) | |||||||||
| Total | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.07 | −0.37*** | 0.02 | 0.17+ | 0.09 | .10 |
| Interpersonal Skills | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.11 | 0.10 | −0.35*** | 0.03 | −0.10 | 0.11 | −.05 |
| Engagement | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.12 | −0.23*** | 0.05 | 0.43** | 0.14 | .20 |
| Motivation | 0.03 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.09 | −0.41*** | 0.03 | 0.21+ | 0.11 | .11 |
| Study Skills | 0.03 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.09 | −0.44** | 0.03 | 0.19+ | 0.10 | .09 |
Note. The b is the partial unstandardized regression coefficient. A positive (negative) sign for the partial unstandardized regression coefficient for SCT Group indicates that the mean for the SCT group was lower (higher) than the mean of the comparison group controlling for income, medication, and ADHD-IN symptom severity. The spr is the semi-partial correlation for SCT group (i.e., effect size for SCT controlling for income, medication, and ADHD-IN symptom severity). For SCT group, 0 = SCT group, 1 = comparison group. For medication, 0 = no prescribed medication, 1 = taking a prescribed medication. ADHD-IN = severity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention symptoms. SCT = sluggish cognitive tempo.
p < .060;
p < .05;
p < .01;
p < .001.