Table 2.
Metabolic characteristics during clamp, pre- and post-training.
| Characteristics | Lean | Obese | T2D | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
| N | 18 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 13 |
| Plasma glucose basal (mmol/l) | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 9.0 ± 0.8††‡‡ | 8.1 ± 0.7*††‡‡ |
| Plasma glucose clamp (mmol/l) | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 |
| Serum insulin basal (pmol/l) | 50 ± 8 | 40 ± 6 | 52 ± 9 | 42 ± 4 | 103 ± 18††‡ | 77 ± 13†‡ |
| Serum insulin clamp (pmol/l) | 691 ± 37 | 666 ± 40 | 669 ± 29 | 703 ± 42 | 723 ± 60 | 700 ± 59 |
| GDR basal (mg/min/m2) | 75 ± 2 | 78 ± 2 | 78 ± 2 | 81 ± 5 | 82 ± 2 | 82 ± 5 |
| GDR clamp (mg/min/m2) | 356 ± 30 | 463 ± 36** | 351 ± 26 | 447 ± 29* | 210 ± 24†‡ | 317 ± 36**†‡ |
| GDR basal (mg/min/kg LBM) | 2.7 ± 0.0 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 |
| GDR clamp (mg/min/kg LBM) | 12.3 ± 1.0 | 16.0 ± 1.1** | 11.5 ± 0.8 | 15.0 ± 1.0** | 7.3 ± 0.8††‡ | 10.4 ± 1.1*††‡ |
| GIR clamp (mg/min/m2) | 325 ± 6 | 442 ± 33** | 325 ± 22 | 439 ± 33** | 189 ± 28†‡ | 300 ± 36**††‡ |
| HGP basal (mg/min/m2) | 76 ± 1 | 78 ± 2 | 78 ± 2 | 80 ± 5 | 77 ± 3 | 77 ± 4 |
| HGP clamp (mg/min/m2) | 28 ± 11 | 25 ± 12 | 19 ± 14 | 17 ± 11 | 22 ± 5 | 13 ± 7 |
| ΔHGP, (mg/min/m2) | -48 ± 11 | -53 ± 13 | -59 ± 14 | -63 ± 12 | -55 ± 5 | -64 ± 8 |
| NOX basal (mg/min/m2) | 37 ± 5 | 42 ± 6 | 51 ± 5 | 60 ± 7 | 42 ± 9 | 57 ± 9* |
| NOX clamp (mg/min/m2) | 265 ± 27 | 367 ± 35** | 266 ± 26 | 368 ± 27** | 136 ± 20†‡ | 240 ± 34**†‡ |
| GOX basal (mg/min/m2) | 38 ± 5 | 36 ± 6 | 28 ± 5 | 21 ± 7 | 40 ± 10 | 25 ± 12* |
| GOX clamp (mg/min/m2) | 90 ± 5 | 96 ± 8 | 88 ± 6 | 79 ± 12 | 74 ± 9 | 78 ± 11 |
| LOX basal (mg/min/m2) | 29 ± 2 | 30 ± 2 | 31 ± 2 | 35 ± 3 | 34 ± 4 | 41 ± 4*† |
| LOX clamp (mg/min/m2) | 11 ± 2 | 10 ± 3 | 12 ± 2 | 18 ± 4* | 21 ± 2†‡ | 19 ± 4† |
| RER basal | 0.80 ± 0.01 | 0.80 ± 0.01 | 0.78 ± 0.01 | 0.77 ± 0.01 | 0.80 ± 0.02 | 0.77 ± 0.02* |
| RER clamp | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.02 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 0.87 ± 0.02 | 0.86 ± 0.01† | 0.87 ± 0.02 |
| ΔRER | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01†‡ | 0.10 ± 0.02 |
Data are means ± SEM. *P<0.05 and **P<0.001 vs. pre-training, †P<0.05 and ††P<0.001 vs. lean, ‡P<0.05 and ‡‡P<0.001 vs. obese. Δ-values were calculated as clamp minus basal values for HGP and RER. T2D, type 2 diabetes; Pre, pre-training; Post, post-training; GDR, glucose disposal rate; GIR, glucose infusion rate; HGP, hepatic glucose production; NOX, non-oxidative glucose metabolism; GOX, glucose oxidation rate; LOX, lipid oxidation rate; RER, Respiratory exchange ratio. LBM, lean body mass.