Table 1.
Risk factors for FNP enrolment among mothers aged 13–19 years at last menstrual period, living in a local authority with an active FNP site at the time of first antenatal appointment (England, births between April 2010 and March 2017)
| N eligible mothers | N enrolled in FNP | % enrolled in FNP | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted* OR (95% CI) | |
| Total | 110 520 | 25 675 | 23.2 | — | — |
| Maternal age at birth | |||||
| 13–15 | 2380 (2.2) | 1240 | 52.1 | 4.62 (4.24 to 5.02) | 2.65 (2.39 to 2.94) |
| 16–17 | 22 725 (20.6) | 8720 | 38.4 | 2.50 (2.42 to 2.59) | 1.80 (1.72 to 1.87) |
| 18–19 | 61 090 (55.3) | 12 875 | 21.1 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 20† | 24 325 (22.0) | 2840 | 11.7 | 0.48 (0.46 to 0.50) | 0.56 (0.53 to 0.59) |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| White | 93 730 (84.8) | 21 845 | 23.3 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| South Asian | 3170 (2.9) | 535 | 16.9 | 0.55 (0.49 to 0.61) | 0.74 (0.67 to 0.83) |
| Black | 3970 (3.6) | 1195 | 30.1 | 1.18 (1.09 to 1.28) | 1.31 (1.21 to 1.43) |
| Mixed/other | 5695 (5.2) | 1335 | 23.4 | 0.89 (0.83 to 0.95) | 0.97 (0.90 to 1.04) |
| Unknown | 3950 (3.6) | 770 | 19.5 | 0.69 (0.63 to 0.75) | 0.84 (0.77 to 0.92) |
| Index of Multiple Deprivation (quintile) | |||||
| Least deprived | 5550 (5.0) | 1135 | 20.5 | 0.80 (0.74 to 0.87) | 0.85 (0.78 to 0.92) |
| 2 | 8565 (7.7) | 1820 | 21.2 | 0.91 (0.86 to 0.98) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.01) |
| 3 | 14 835 (13.4) | 3330 | 22.4 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 4 | 27 520 (24.9) | 6430 | 23.4 | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.13) | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.08) |
| Most deprived | 53 905 (48.8) | 12 820 | 23.8 | 1.19 (1.14 to 1.25) | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.12) |
| Unknown | 145 (0.1) | 145 | 100 | — | — |
| Admission with diagnoses within 2 years before 20 weeks of pregnancy | |||||
| Mental health (excluding substance misuse and self-harm) | 2420 (2.2) | 955 | 39.5 | 2.20 (2.03 to 2.40) | 1.41 (1.27 to 1.57) |
| Adversity related (self-harm, substance misuse, violence) | 4460 (4.0) | 1770 | 39.7 | 2.34 (2.20 to 2.50) | 1.24 (1.13 to 1.36) |
| Any chronic condition | 9580 (8.7) | 3170 | 33.1 | 1.74 (1.66 to 1.83) | 1.16 (1.09 to 1.25) |
| A&E visit | 68 965 (62.4) | 17 815 | 25.8 | 1.48 (1.43 to 1.53) | 1.29 (1.25 to 1.34) |
| Gestational age at antenatal booking appointment | |||||
| Before 10 weeks | 29 390 (26.6) | 6810 | 23.2 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 10–20 weeks | 40 640 (36.8) | 9540 | 23.5 | 0.93 (0.90 to 0.97) | 0.90 (0.87 to 0.94) |
| 20 weeks or more | 6095 (5.5) | 1515 | 24.9 | 0.93 (0.87 to 0.99) | 0.77 (0.71 to 0.82) |
| Unknown | 34 390 (31.1) | 7815 | 22.7 | 0.92 (0.89 to 0.96) | 0.81 (0.78 to 0.85) |
| Linked to NPD | |||||
| Linked to NPD | 92 260 (83.5) | 22 980 | 24.9 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Not linked to NPD | 17 405 (15.7) | 2570 | 14.8 | 0.46 (0.44 to 0.48) | 0.86 (0.81 to 0.92) |
| Linked to NPD but not to NPD census | 855 (0.8) | 125 | 14.6 | 0.47 (0.38 to 0.56) | 0.79 (0.64 to 0.96) |
| Ever had a child protection plan (CPP) or was looked after before 20 weeks of pregnancy | |||||
| No CPP or looked after | 85 890 (77.7) | 19 860 | 23.1 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Looked after (CPP) | 5540 (5.0) | 2445 | 44.1 | 2.60 (2.46 to 2.76) | 1.92 (1.81 to 2.04) |
| CPP, but not looked after | 1685 (1.5) | 800 | 47.5 | 2.95 (2.67 to 3.26) | 1.62 (1.46 to 1.80) |
| Not linked to NPD | 17 405 (15.7) | 2570 | 14.8 | 0.51 (0.49 to 0.53) | —‡ |
| Ever recorded as having Special Educational Needs before 20 weeks of pregnancy | |||||
| No | 45 270 (41.0) | 9190 | 20.3 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Yes | 46 990 (42.5) | 13 790 | 29.3 | 1.61 (1.56 to 1.66) | 1.22 (1.18 to 1.27) |
| Not linked to NPD | 17 405 (15.7) | 2570 | 14.8 | 0.60 (0.57 to 0.63) | —‡ |
| Linked to NPD but not to NPD census | 855 (0.8) | 125 | 14.6 | 0.61 (0.50 to 0.74) | —‡ |
| Ever recorded as receiving free school meals before 20 weeks of pregnancy | |||||
| No | 41 455 (37.5) | 8050 | 19.4 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Yes | 50 805 (46.0) | 14 930 | 29.4 | 1.69 (1.63 to 1.74) | 1.20 (1.16 to 1.24) |
| Not linked to NPD | 17 405 (15.7) | 2570 | 14.8 | 0.63 (0.60 to 0.66) | —‡ |
| Linked to NPD but not to NPD census | 855 (0.8) | 125 | 14.6 | 0.64 (0.53 to 0.77) | —‡ |
| Ever in IDACI bottom decile before 20 weeks of pregnancy | |||||
| No | 59 765 (54.1) | 13 760 | 23 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Yes | 32 495 (29.4) | 9220 | 28.4 | 1.33 (1.29 to 1.38) | 1.05 (1.01 to 1.09) |
| Not linked to NPD | 17 405 (15.7) | 2570 | 14.8 | 0.52 (0.49 to 0.54) | —‡ |
| Linked to NPD but not to NPD census | 855 (0.8) | 125 | 14.6 | 0.53 (0.43 to 0.64) | —‡ |
| Educational attainment before 20 weeks of pregnancy | |||||
| Attempted but did not achieve 5 A*-C GCSEs | 69 345 (62.7) | 16 365 | 23.6 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 5 A*-C GCSEs | 16 960 (15.3) | 3320 | 19.6 | 0.77 (0.73 to 0.80) | 1.05 (1.00 to 1.10) |
| Not linked to NPD | 17 405 (15.7) | 2570 | 14.8 | 0.49 (0.47 to 0.52) | —‡ |
| Had not attempted GCSEs prior to 20 weeks of pregnancy | 6810 (6.2) | 3420 | 50.2 | 3.56 (3.38 to 3.75) | 1.54 (1.44 to 1.64) |
| Ever excluded, in pupil referral unit, or alternative provision | |||||
| No | 65 620 (59.0) | 14 640 | 22.3 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Yes | 28 105 (25.2) | 8620 | 30.7 | 1.55 (1.51 to 1.61) | 1.05 (1.01 to 1.08) |
| Not linked to NPD | 17 515 (15.8) | 2590 | 14.8 | 0.53 (0.51 to 0.56) | —‡ |
| Ever persistently absent in a term (≥10% possible sessions) | |||||
| No | 58 100 (52.6) | 10 533 | 18.1 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Yes | 35 535 (32.2) | 12 725 | 35.8 | 2.71 (2.63 to 2.80) | 1.44 (1.39 to 1.50) |
| Not linked to NPD | 17 515 (15.8) | 2590 | 14.8 | 0.71 (0.67 to 0.74) | —‡ |
Numbers have been rounded to the nearest 5 in accordance with NHS Digital’s statistical disclosure rules for subnational analyses.
*Adjusted models included all variables in the table as covariates.
†Includes only mothers aged 19 years at last menstrual period.
‡Estimates omitted due to multicollinearity.
A&E, Accidents & Emergency; CPP, Child Protection Plan; FNP, Family Nurse Partnership; GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; IDACI, Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index; NHS, National Health Service; NPD, National Pupil Database.