Figure 6 .

Effects of biotin and FOS supplementation on host metabolism, biotin status and microbiome composition in established obesity in mouse experiments. (A) Fat mass gain of mice with established obesity, between day 82 (after twelve weeks of HFD and before treatments) and day 135 (after eight weeks of treatment by FOS and/or biotin) (A: HFD+FOS (n=10) vs. HFD (n=5); B: HFD+FOS vs. HFD+Biotin (n=9); C: HFD+Biotin vs. HFD; D: HFD+FOS+Biotin (n=5) vs. HFD; *P value<0.05, Kruskal-Wallis rank test with Dunn’s multiple comparison test) (B) Fasting glycaemia of these same animals measured after 6 weeks of treatment by FOS and/or biotin (*P value<0.05, Kruskal Wallis rank test with Dunn’s multiple comparison test). (C) HOMA-IR index calculated after 6 weeks of treatment by FOS and/or biotin (*P value<0.05, Kruskal Wallis rank test with Dunn’s multiple comparison test). (D) Simpson diversity distribution in different groups of mice with long-term established obesity (**P value<0.01 and FDR<0.05; pairwise Wilcoxon rank-sum test). (E) Mean abundances of biotin producers (bacteria with all biotin biosynthesis genes from pimelate and no biotin transport gene), biotin transporters (bacteria with no gene involved in biotin biosynthesis) and biotin producers+transporters (bacteria harbouring biotin biosynthesis and transport genes) in different groups of mice with long-term established obesity (*P value and FDR<0.05 pairwise Wilcoxon rank-sum test). (F) mRNA expression of biotin carboxylases (ACCA, ACCB, MCC1, MCC2, PCCA, PCCB, PC) and biotin transporter SMVT in epididymal adipose tissue of mice with long term established obesity supplemented with FOS and/or biotin after 20 weeks of total follow-up (Kruskal-Wallis rank test, with Dunn’s multiple comparison; *P value and FDR<0.05, **P value and FDR<0.01, pairwise comparisons and P-trend were calculated using linear contrast tests). HFD, high-fat diet; SMVT, sodium multi vitamin transporter.