Table 1.

Characteristics of studies selected for inclusion (n = 37)

Citation	Purpose of study	Study period, y	Study design	Study participants (n = sample size)	Location	Setting
Ahsan et al. (26)	To understand attitudes and beliefs among PCPs regarding LCS as well as to assess gaps in knowledge.	2015-2016	Qualitative research	Provider	New Yorkb	Community
				(n = 38)
Allen et al. (25)a	To identify the critical facilitators and barriers to LCS program implementation.	2017-2018	Qualitative research	System	Not specified	Community
				(n = 2)
Carter-Harris and Gould (27)	To explore the reasons for eligible patients’ decisions to opt out of LCS after receiving a provider recommendation.	2015-2016	Qualitative research	Patient	Washington	Community
				(n = 18)
Cataldo (28)a	To identify demographics, smoking history, health risk perceptions, knowledge, and attitude factors of older smokers related to LCS agreement.	2014	Cross-sectional	Patient	46 states	Community
				(n = 388)
Copeland et al. (24)	To assess LCS implementation during the first full year of CMS coverage.	2017	Cross-sectional	System	34 states	Both
				(n = 165)
Coughlin et al. (29)	To measure PCPs’ knowledge of current guidelines for LCS after approval by CMS and to gain insight into the barriers to implementation of LCS at 5 hospitals.	Not Specified	Cross-sectional	Provider	Illinois	Both
				(n = 96)
Draucker et al. (30)	To describe how current and former long-term smokers explain their decisions regarding participation in LCS.	Not Specified	Mixed methods	Patient	20 states	Not Specified.
				(n = 39)
Dukes et al. (31)	To investigate cancer specialists and PCPs’ practices and attitudes toward LCS with patients who have survived head and neck cancer.	2016-2017	Qualitative research	Provider	Iowa	Academic
				(n = 11)
Duong et al. (32)	To identify PCP and patient facilitators and barriers to LCS utilization within the Stanford Medical Center.	2015-2016	Cross-sectional	Patient (n = 80) & provider (n = 31)	California	Academic
Eberth et al. (23)	To determine the availability and characteristics of LCS programs and to identify barriers to program development and implementation among members of the Society of Thoracic Radiology.	2013	Cross-sectional	System	36 states	Both
				(n = 82)
Eberth et al. (33)	To assess PCP members of the American Medical Association’s knowledge of current LCS guidelines and insurance reimbursement, perceptions of screening effectiveness and cost, screening referral practices, and associated barriers.	2016-2017	Cross-sectional	Provider	All 50 states	Both
				(n = 293)
Ersek et al. (34)	To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns related to LCS among South Carolina Academy of Family Physicians members.	2015	Cross-sectional	Provider	South Carolina	Both
				(n = 101)
Hall et al. (35)	To identify correlates of LCS utilization among LCS patients.	2014-2016	Cross-sectional	Patient	Massachusetts	Community
				(n = 169)
Henderson et al. (36)	To understand and compare perceptions of LCS among attending and resident PCPs at one academic medical center.	2015-2016	Cross-sectional	Provider	North Carolina	Academic
				(n = 72)
Henderson et al. (37)	To understand the LCS practices and attitudes of pulmonologists and PCPs in a large academic medical center.	2015	Cross-sectional	Provider	North Carolina	Academic
				(n = 89)
Hoffman et al. (38)	To characterize PCPs’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about LCS.	2014	Qualitative research	Provider	New Mexico	Community
				(n = 10)
Iaccarino et al. (39)	To assess pulmonologists’ attitudes about LCS, propensity for recommending screening, and perceived barriers to implementing LCS programs at Veterans Health Administration pulmonary clinics.	2013-2014	Cross-sectional	Provider	Not specified	Academic
				(n = 286)
Kanodra et al. (40)	To identify perceptions of and perspectives on LCS and implementation among PCPs and high-risk eligible veteran patients at the Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center.	Not Specified	Qualitative research	Patient (n = 28) and provider (n = 13)	South Carolina	Academic
Khairy et al. (41)	To evaluate practice patterns and assess facilitators and barriers to LCS by surveying FQHC providers and comparing these responses to a previous study examining those of academic providers.	2016	Cross-sectional	Provider	Californiab	Community
				(n = 36)
Leng et al. (42)	To assess PCPs’ knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practice related to LCS and the recent USPSTF guidelines in 5 high-risk Chinese immigrant communities in New York City.	2016-2018	Cross-sectional	Provider	New Yorkb	Both
				(n = 83)
Lewis et al. (43)	To test the hypothesis that low provider knowledge of LCS guideline recommendations would be associated with less provider-reported LCS.	2017	Cross-sectional	Provider	Tennessee	Both
				(n = 378)
Li et al. (44)a	To measure knowledge and attitudes regarding LCS among Chinese Americans with a history of smoking in Chicago.	2018-2019	Mixed methods	Patient	Illinoisb	Community
				(n = 50)
Lillie et al. (45)	To identify the factors patients consider important in making LCS decisions and explore variations by LCS participation at the Minneapolis VA Health Care System.	2014	Cross-sectional	Patient	Minnesota	Community
				(n = 588)
McDonnell et al. (46)	To examine knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding LCS among nurse practitioners who work in primary care settings.	2016	Mixed methods	Provider	Not specified	Both
				(n1 = 380; n2 = 15)
Mishra et al. (47)	To characterize patient knowledge and attitudes about LCS and smoking cessation and their views on supporting decision making for LCS.	2014	Qualitative research	Patient	New Mexico	Both
				(n = 22)
Monu et al. (48)	To characterize knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding LCS among individuals at high risk for lung cancer.	2018	Cross-sectional	Patient	Not specified	Community
				(n = 240)
Mukthinuthalapati et al. (49)	To assess the knowledge pertaining to LCS guidelines, providers’ experience with LCS, and their recommendations for quality improvement among PCPs in Cook County Health.	2019	Cross-sectional	Provider	Illinoisb	Community
				(n = 152)
Qiu et al. (22)	To describe the characteristics and program implementation barriers experienced by LCS programs.	2013	Mixed methods	System	Not specified	Both
				(n1 = 65; n2 = 13)
Rajupet et al. (50)	To assess the knowledge and attitudes of PCPs vs specialists (oncologists, pulmonologists, radiologists) toward LCS as well as their likelihood to recommend LCS.	2014	Cross-sectional	Provider	New Yorkb	Academic
				(n = 103)
Randhawa et al. (51)a	To identify barriers to adoption of LCS in the Einstein Healthcare Network in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.	2016	Cross-sectional	Provider	Pennsylvaniab	Community
				(n = 19)
Raz et al. (52)	To assess LCS health beliefs, including perceived barriers to screening among current smokers who were enrolled in a tobacco cessation program at Kaiser Permanente Medical Centers in Southern California.	2017	Cross-sectional	Patient	Californiab	Community
				(n = 185)
Roth et al. (53)	To explore patients’ motivations for agreeing to recieve LCS.	2015	Qualitative research	Patient	Washington	Community
				(n = 20)
Simmons et al. (54)	To examine the barriers to screening, including knowledge and attitudes about LCS among an ethnically and racially diverse sample of high-risk community members and PCPs.	Not Specified	Qualitative research	Patient (n = 38) & provider (n = 23)	Florida	Both
Sin et al. (55)	To explore facilitators of and barriers to lung cancer prevention and LCS among Korean immigrant men.	2015	Qualitative research	Patient	Washingtonb	Community
				(n = 24)
Tseng et al. (56)	To investigate knowledge, attitudes, and smoking cessation needs for African Americans who receive LCS.	2018	Mixed methods	Patient	Louisianaa	Academic
				(n = 15)
Watson et al. (21)	To describe the key facilitators and barriers to implementation of LCS at 2 FQHCs.	2016-2018	Qualitative research	System	Tennessee; West Virginia	Community
				(n = 2)
Williams et al. (57)	To describe knowledge and awareness about LCS, personal values about screening, and uncertainty about the test, as well as decisional control and resources, among high-risk African American adults.	Not Specified	Cross-sectional	Patient	Not specified	Community
				(n = 119)

^aOnly included portion of the study, information based on portion of study we included. FQHC = federally qualified health centers; LCS = (low-dose CT) lung cancer screening; PCP = primary care provider; USPSTF = US Preventive Services Task Force; VA = Veterans Affairs.

^bIncluded specific city or region of the state.