Table 3.
Association of youth-reported financial stress with depressive symptoms over time.
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | CI | P-value | Estimate | CI | P-value | Estimate | CI | P-value | Estimate | CI | P-value | |
| Financial stressa | 0.17 | 0.15–0.19 | <0.001 | 0.16 | 0.14–0.17 | <0.001 | 0.16 | 0.14–0.18 | <0.001 | 0.16 | 0.14–0.19 | <0.001 |
| Pre-COVID-19 household income | 0.0007 | −0.03 to 0.03 | 0.955 | 0.02 | −0.01 to 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.02 | −0.00 to 0.05 | 0.089 | 0.02 | −0.01 to 0.05 | 0.108 |
| Pre-COVID-19 parent education | 0.03 | 0.00–0.05 | 0.032 | 0.04 | 0.02–0.07 | 0.001 | 0.06 | 0.03–0.09 | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.03–0.08 | <0.001 |
| Pre-COVID-19 psychopathology | 0.25 | 0.23–0.27 | <0.001 | 0.21 | 0.18–0.23 | <0.001 | 0.21 | 0.18–0.23 | <0.001 | |||
| Family conflict | 0.05 | 0.03–0.07 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 0.03–0.07 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Parental monitoring | −0.11 | −0.13 to −0.09 | <0.001 | −0.11 | −0.13 to −0.09 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Weekly screen time | 0.04 | 0.02–0.05 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.02–0.05 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Daily routines | −0.02 | −0.04 to 0.00 | 0.062 | −0.02 | −0.04 to −0.00 | 0.042 | ||||||
| Exercise/outside play | −0.07 | −0.09 to −0.05 | <0.001 | −0.07 | −0.08 to −0.05 | <0.001 | ||||||
| COVID-19 infection (child) | −0.4 | −0.88 to 0.09 | 0.113 | −0.39 | −0.88 to 0.10 | 0.120 | ||||||
| School closure | −0.02 | −0.13 to 0.08 | 0.651 | −0.02 | −0.13 to 0.08 | 0.664 | ||||||
| Family social isolation | 0.03 | 0.00–0.05 | 0.025 | 0.03 | 0.00–0.05 | 0.021 | ||||||
| Child separation from someone important due to pandemic | 0.19 | 0.15–0.23 | <0.001 | 0.19 | 0.15–0.23 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Wage loss | −0.03 | −0.07 to 0.01 | 0.088 | |||||||||
Four linear mixed-effects models were run to disentangle the role of youth-reported financial stress (independent variable) from confounding factors in association with depressive symptoms (dependent variable).
Model 1 co-varies for age, sex, race (Black, White, other), Hispanic ethnicity, pre-pandemic household income, pre-pandemic parental education, and assessment time-point.
Model 2 builds on Model 1 by adding pre-pandemic psychopathology.
Model 3 builds on Model 2 by adding pandemic-specific and non-pandemic-specific environmental risk and protective factors.
Model 4 builds on Model 3 by adding household wage loss.
Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.
General worries about coronavirus were regressed out of the financial stress variable.