Table 1. Characteristics of Hospitalized Patients With and Without Coded Housing Instabilitya.
| Characteristic | Patient admissions, No. (%) | Standardized difference (Cohen d)c | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total admissions (N = 87 348 601) | With coded housing instability admissions (n = 945 090)b | Without coded housing instability admissions (n = 86 403 511) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 58.3 (20.2) | 45.5 (14.0) | 58.4 (20.2) | 0.642 |
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 37 174 484 (42.6) | 668 255 (70.7) | 36 506 229 (42.3) | 0.577 |
| Women | 50 174 117 (57.4) | 276 835 (29.3) | 49 897 282 (57.7) | 0.577 |
| Race | ||||
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 2 441 628 (2.8) | 11 920 (1.3) | 2 429 708 (2.8) | 0.094 |
| Black | 13 164 513 (15.1) | 235 355 (24.9) | 12 929 158 (15.0) | 0.278 |
| Hispanic | 9 806 187 (11.2) | 108 320 (11.5) | 9 697 867 (11.2) | 0.008 |
| American Indian | 566 015 (0.6) | 12 895 (1.4) | 553 120 (0.6) | 0.090 |
| White | 58 763 014 (67.3) | 544 525 (57.6) | 58 218 489 (67.4) | 0.208 |
| Otherd | 2 607 244 (3.0) | 32 075 (3.4) | 2 575 169 (3.0) | 0.024 |
| Insurance type | ||||
| Private | 23 071 974 (26.4) | 72 125 (7.6) | 22 999 849 (26.6) | 0.431 |
| Medicare | 42 174 988 (48.3) | 198 070 (21.0) | 41 976 918 (48.6) | 0.554 |
| Medicaid | 16 062 729 (18.4) | 521 555 (55.2) | 15 541 175 (18.0) | 0.965 |
| Otherd | 2 444 694 (2.8) | 35 965 (3.8) | 2 408 729 (2.8) | 0.062 |
| Uninsured | 3 594 216 (4.1) | 117 375 (12.4) | 3 476 841 (4.0) | 0.423 |
| Elective procedure | 19 855 840 (22.7) | 69 160 (7.3) | 19 786 680 (22.9) | 0.372 |
| Emergency admittance | 54 035 986 (61.9) | 710 635 (75.2) | 53 325 351 (61.7) | 0.278 |
| Major operating room procedure | 9 206 992 (31.6) | 27 270 (7.9) | 9 179 722 (31.8) | 0.516 |
| Discharge description | ||||
| Routine | 18 321 765 (62.8) | 261 730 (75.7) | 18 060 035 (62.7) | 0.269 |
| Transfer to short-term hospital | 586 409 (2.0) | 5980 (1.7) | 580 429 (2.0) | 0.020 |
| Other transfer | 4 778 945 (16.4) | 42 430 (12.3) | 4 736 515 (16.4) | 0.113 |
| Home health care | 4 350 181 (14.9) | 5985 (1.7) | 4 344 196 (15.1) | 0.375 |
| Against medical advice | 480 745 (1.6) | 28 890 (8.4) | 451 855 (1.6) | 0.534 |
| Housing instability Z59-codese | ||||
| Z59.0 homelessness | NA | 915 305 (96.8) | NA | NA |
| Z59.1 inadequate housing | NA | 5030 (0.5) | NA | NA |
| Z59.2 discord with neighbors, lodgers, landlords | NA | 1220 (0.1) | NA | NA |
| Z59.3 problems related to living in a residential institution | NA | 3335 (0.4) | NA | NA |
| Z59.8 other problems | NA | 24 445 (2.6) | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; NIS, National Inpatient Sample.
a
Data source: National Inpatient Sample, 2017 to 2019.
b
“With coded housing instability” data reflect hospitalizations with at least 1 of 5 housing instability Z59-codes.
c
“Standardized difference” displays the absolute value of the difference in proportions divided by the standard error and is an indicator of effect size (Cohen d) (0.20-0.49 indicates small; 0.50 to 0.79, medium; and ≥0.80, large effect sizes).
d
Other race includes multiple races and state-reported race categories excluded from other NIS categories.
e
“Housing instability Z59-codes” display the number of hospitalizations with each of the 5 listed Z59-codes.