Table 4. Cost of Hospitalization by Diagnosis Among Patients With and Without Coded Housing Instabilitya.
| Discharge diagnosis | Cost in millions, $ (%) | Standardized difference (Cohen d)b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | With coded housing instability | Without coded housing instability | ||
| Mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental disorders | 35 276.3 (3.0) | 3531.5 (37.9) | 31 744.8 (2.7) | 2.076 |
| Injury, poisoning, and certain other consequences of external causes | 139 294.5 (11.8) | 1090.9 (11.7) | 138 203.5 (11.9) | 0.004 |
| Diseases of the circulatory system | 255 556.2 (21.7) | 878.4 (9.4) | 254 677.8 (21.8) | 0.301 |
| Certain infections and parasitic diseases | 127 900.8 (10.9) | 860.9 (9.2) | 127 040.0 (10.9) | 0.053 |
| Diseases of the respiratory system | 82 281.5 (7.0) | 522.8 (5.6) | 81 758.7 (7.0) | 0.055 |
| Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | 14 197.5 (1.2) | 432.2 (4.6) | 13 765.3 (1.2) | 0.316 |
| Diseases of the digestive system | 105 878.5 (9.0) | 416.6 (4.5) | 105 462.0 (9.0) | 0.160 |
| Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases | 42 623.5 (3.6) | 360.0 (3.9) | 42 263.5 (3.6) | 0.013 |
| Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | 114 480.0 (9.7) | 294.1 (3.2) | 114 185.9 (9.8) | 0.224 |
| Diseases of the nervous system | 28 464.5 (2.4) | 220.8 (2.4) | 28 243.7 (2.4) | 0.003 |
| Neoplasms | 79 219.7 (6.7) | 163.6 (1.8) | 79 056.1 (6.8) | 0.201 |
| Diseases of the genitourinary system | 38 542.7 (3.3) | 162.1 (1.7) | 38 380.6 (3.3) | 0.087 |
| Symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified | 20 327.0 (1.7) | 145.4 (1.6) | 20 181.6 (1.7) | 0.013 |
| Pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium | 60 648.8 (5.2) | 131.0 (1.4) | 60 517.8 (5.2) | 0.171 |
| Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism | 12 014.9 (1.0) | 49.3 (0.5) | 11 965.6 (1.0) | 0.049 |
| Factors influencing health status and contact with health services | 14 123.3 (1.2) | 30.7 (0.3) | 14 092.6 (1.2) | 0.081 |
| Congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities | 3351.7 (0.3) | 6.2 (0.1) | 3345.5 (0.3) | 0.041 |
| Diseases of the eye and adnexa | 636.9 (0.1) | 13.9 (0.1) | 623.0 (0.1) | 0.041 |
| Certain conditions originating in the perinatal periodc | 10.9 (<0.01) | 0.0 | 10.9 (<0.01) | NA |
| Diseases of the ear and mastoid process | 702.0 (0.1) | 4.1 (<0.01) | 697.9 (0.1) | 0.007 |
| External causes of morbidity | 4.8 (<0.01) | 0.0 | 4.7 (<0.01) | 0.000 |
| Total | 1 175 536.0 (100) | 9314.5 (0.8) | 1 166 221.5 (99.2) | NA |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.
a
Data source: National Inpatient Sample, 2017 to 2019.
b
“Standardized difference” displays the absolute value of the difference in proportions divided by the standard error and is an indicator of effect size (Cohen d) (>0.20 indicates small; >0.50,medium; and ≥.80, large effect sizes).
c
“Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period” had no coded housing instability so no standardized difference is reported.