Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies with author names beginning with K to Z.
| Study and country | Population, sample size (n) | Interventiona | Usual care | Outcomes | Key findings |
| Kawagoshi et al [29], 2015, Finland | COPD, mean age IG=74 (SD 8) years; CG=75 (SD 9) years, 11% female, n=39 | [Pedometer] Pedometer + home-based pulmonary rehabilitation including breathing retraining, exercise training, respiratory training, and monthly 45-minute education sessions | Home-based pulmonary rehabilitation including breathing retraining, exercise training, respiratory muscle training, and monthly 45-minute education sessions | PA: total PA as measured by accelerometer; function: quadriceps muscle force; 6MWT; Pulmonary: Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire | Significant increase in walking time (P=.04), dyspnea, and quadriceps force in intervention group; significant improvements in pulmonary function tests, 6-minute walk distance, and Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire in both groups |
| King et al [42], 2020, United States | Community-dwelling adults aged 50 years, mean age 62.3 (SD 8.4) years, 78.8% female, n=245 | [Telerehabilitation] 1:1 initial counseling session, pedometer use; additional (up to 28) 10 to 15 minutes counseling sessions by a virtual advisor over 12 months | 1:1 initial counseling session, pedometer use; additional (up to 28) 10 to 15 minutes counseling sessions conducted by a human advisor over 12 months | PA: walking minutes per weekb total PA, MVPA, daily PA measured by accelerometer, self-report weekly sedentary behavior; quality of life: Vitality Plus scale | Significantly increased steps per day (P=.02) in intervention group; significant decreases in both groups for reported sedentary time |
| Kwan et al [41], 2020, Hong Kong | Mild cognitive impairment and physical frailty, mean age 71.0 (SD 9.0) years, 85% female, n=33 | [Smartphone app] Smartphone apps for individualized goals, to log PA data, performance reviews, and e-reminders; communication app for e-coaching, personalization of goal settings, and messages of praise + control intervention; all interventions were for 12 weeks | Conventional behavior change techniques via PA counseling, telephone follow-up, health education, and exercise training. All interventions were for 12 weeks | PA: steps per day measured by accelerometer; MVPA and non-MVPA per week measured by accelerometer; other: Fried frailty index; MoCAc | Significant increase in MVPA (P=.04), walking time (P=.03), steps per day (P=.02), brisk walking (P=.009), and peak cadence (P=.003) for intervention group; adherence to face-to-face sessions was 100% for both groups; smartphone compliance was 54.1 (SD 1.2) days per participant (range 0-56 days) |
| Maddison et al [34], 2015, New Zealand | Ischemic heart disease, mean age 60.2 (SD 9.3) years, 19% female, n=171 | [Multicomponent] Automated text messages for 24 weeks encouraging 30 minutes per day MVPA 5 days per week + regular exercise prescription, behavior change strategies, website access with model vignettes, self-monitoring, information | Encouraged to participate in cardiac rehabilitation typically including education sessions, psychological support, and PA encouragement and offer to join a supervised exercise club | PA: self-reported PA measured by IPAQ; other: PVO2d assessed during CPETb; self-efficacy and motivation to exercise; SF-36 and EQ-5D | No significant difference in PVO2 between groups; significant improvements in self-report PA (P=.05), walking (P=.02), self-efficacy (P=.04), and health-related QoL (P=.03) in intervention group |
| Mendoza et al [30], 2020, Chile | Stable COPD, mean age 68.7 (SD 8.5) years, 39.2% female, n=102 | [Pedometer] Pedometer use and steps per day goals for 3 months, 3 monthly follow-up sessions with a physician and physiotherapist to increase step count | 3 monthly counseling sessions with physician and PT to increase PA, advised to walk minimum 30 minutes per day | PA: steps per dayb measured by pedometer; other: health status and exercise capacity | Significant increase in PA (P<.001) and exercise capacity (P=.03) in intervention group |
| Mouton and Cloes [45], 2015, Belgium | Community-dwelling adults (aged 50 years), mean age IG1=61.2 (SD 6.3) years; IG2=69.8 (SD 7.4) years; IG3=63.2 (SD 5.7) years; CG=66.1 (SD 6.8) years, 60% female, n=149 | [Website] Three groups, all 3-month duration: (1) web-based intervention (PA promotion + monthly PA feedback); (2) center-based intervention—12 weekly sessions of group exercise; and (3) mixed intervention (web- and center-based intervention) | No intervention received | PA: self-report using IPAQ-Se; other: stages of change; awareness of PA; and participant acceptance of intervention | Mixed intervention increased PA level (P=.04); center-based intervention (P<.001) and mixed intervention (P=.01) increased PA stages of change; web-based intervention (P=.02) and mixed intervention (P<.001) increased PA awareness |
| Roberts et al [35], 2019, United States | Community-dwelling adults (aged 60 years) with moderate to high risk of CVDf events, mean age 72 (SD 7.4) years, 60% female, n=40 | [Wearable] Activity tracker + strategies to increase PA for 20 weeks; usual care (8-week center-based exercise intervention); goal to achieve 150 minutes of MVPA per week for 12 weeks; encouragement of nonexercise PA | Usual care including 2 for per week center-based exercise intervention for 8 weeks; instruction to achieve 150 minutes of MVPA per week for remaining 12 weeks; behavioral counseling to encourage nonexercise PA | PA: daily activity measured by accelerometer; function: 6MWT; 4-meter gait speed; grip strength; SPPBg | Significant increase in steps per day for intervention group |
| Tabak et al [31], 2014, Netherlands | Stable COPD, mean age IG=65.2 (SD 9.0) years; CG=67.9 (SD 5.7) years, 37% female, n=34 | [Multicomponent] 4-week daily use of mobile activity coach for feedback, motivation, and target PA levels + usual care (medication and PT—weekly group training sessions) | Could consist of medication and weekly group training PT sessions | PA: steps per dayb measured by pedometer; COPD: Clinical COPD Questionnaire (health status); other: compliance | No significant differences in steps per day; nonsignificant improvement in health status in intervention group; 86% adhered to the activity coach |
| Talbot et al [39], 2003, United States | Symptomatic knee OAh, aged ≥60 years, mean age IG=69.6 (SD 6.7) years; CG=70.8 (SD 4.7) years, 76.5% female, n=34 | [Pedometer] Pedometer use + daily step goals; education booklet on exercise and managing pain; usual care (12 sessions of 1-hour arthritis self-management education) | 12 sessions of 1-hour arthritis self-management education (including a session on exercise) | PA: steps per dayb by pedometer, PA over time (accelerometer); function: leg muscle strength; 100-foot timed walk-turn-walk; timed stair climb; timed chair rise | 23% steps per day increase for intervention group vs 15% decrease in control group; improved usual pace gait speed (P=.04) and isometric leg strength (21%—compared with 3.5% loss in control group) |
| Weinstock et al [37], 2011, United States | Diabetes mellitus, mean age 70.9 (SD 6.8) years, 63% female, n=1650 | [Multicomponent] Educational videoconferencing for 4-6 weeks to review blood glucose and blood pressure measurements; pedometer use with goals set for 2 years | Usual care from PCPi; PA encouraged by pedometer use with goals set between participant and PCP for 2 years | PA: diabetes self-care activities for assessment of PA; other: feasibility; acceptability; and CARE Depression Instrument | Significantly slower rate of decline in PA (P=.01) and lower rate of PIj (0.04); significantly higher PA levels (P<.001) in intervention group |
| Yates et al [40], 2009, United Kingdom | Overweight or obese (BMI ≥25), mean age 65 (SD 8) years, 34% female, n=87 | [Pedometer] Pedometer use + 180-minute education session on causes and complications of impaired glucose tolerance + exercise information | Two groups: (1) Same education session as intervention but no pedometer and (2) usual care—information pamphlet | PA: steps per day measured by pedometer, self-reported walking by IPAQ, and total MVPA | Compared with usual care group 2, significant increases in steps per day, self-reported walking, and total MVPA at 3, 6, and 12 months in intervention group (all P<.05) |
aThe authors grouped interventions by the type of smart technology; groupings are indicated in square brackets at the beginning of each intervention description.
bPrimary outcomes of the individual studies.
cMoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment.
dPVO2: peak oxygen uptake.
eIPAQ-S: International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short.
fCVD: cardiovascular disease.
gSPPB: Short Performance Physical Battery.
hOA: osteoarthritis.
iPCP: primary care provider.
jPI: physical impairment.