Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for each racial and ethnic group and for the entire cohort.
| Characteristic | Asian (n=910) | Black (n=1025) | Hispanic (n=913) | Non-Hispanic White (n=6240) | Other (462) | P value | Entire cohort | ||||||||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 44.4 (11.2) | 50.4 (12.4) | 45.8 (11.4) | 50.7 (13.2) | 46.1 (12.5) | <.001 | 49.4 (12.9) | ||||||||||
| Gender, n (%) | <.001 |
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
Woman | 485 (53.3) | 713 (69.6) | 497 (54.5) | 3642 (58.4) | 251 (54.3) |
|
5589 (58.5) | |||||||||
|
|
Man | 424 (46.6) | 311 (30.3) | 412 (45.1) | 2576 (41.3) | 206 (44.6) |
|
3929 (41.1) | |||||||||
|
|
Nonbinary | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.3) | 19 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) |
|
24 (0.3) | |||||||||
|
|
Prefers not to answer | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | 4 (0.9) |
|
8 (0.1) | |||||||||
| BMI, mean (SD) | 25.3 (4.4) | 31.7 (6.9) | 29.8 (6.4) | 29.4 (6.7) | 28.3 (6.2) |
|
29.2 (6.7) | ||||||||||
| BMI category n (%) | <.001 |
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
Class III obese | 5 (0.5) | 135 (13.2) | 66 (7.2) | 476 (7.6) | 24 (5.2) |
|
706 (7.4) | |||||||||
|
|
Obese | 110 (12.1) | 422 (14.6) | 299 (32.7) | 1932 (31.0) | 120 (26.0) |
|
2883 (30.2) | |||||||||
|
|
Overweight | 317 (34.8) | 318 (31.0) | 350 (38.3) | 2109 (33.8) | 168 (36.4) |
|
3262 (34.2) | |||||||||
|
|
Healthy | 460 (50.5) | 144 (14.0) | 192 (21.0) | 1676 (26.9) | 142 (30.7) |
|
2614 (27.4) | |||||||||
|
|
Underweight | 18 (2.0) | 6 (0.6) | 6 (0.7) | 47 (0.8) | 8 (1.7) |
|
85 (0.9) | |||||||||
| Therapy area, n (%) | <.001 |
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
Ankle | 36 (4.0) | 47 (4.6) | 37 (4.1) | 216 (3.5) | 16 (3.5) |
|
352 (3.7) | |||||||||
|
|
Elbow | 17 (1.9) | 10 (1.0) | 12 (1.3) | 140 (2.2) | 12 (2.6) |
|
191 (2.0) | |||||||||
|
|
Hip | 44 (4.8) | 84 (8.2) | 72 (7.9) | 669 (10.7) | 43 (9.3) |
|
817 (8.6) | |||||||||
|
|
Knee | 105 (11.5) | 176 (17.2) | 115 (12.6) | 813 (13.0) | 66 (14.3) |
|
1275 (13.4) | |||||||||
|
|
Low back | 349 (38.4) | 505 (49.3) | 394 (43.2) | 2735 (43.8) | 189 (40.9) |
|
4097 (42.9) | |||||||||
|
|
Neck | 116 (12.7) | 56 (5.5) | 85 (9.3) | 577 (9.2) | 48 (10.4) |
|
882 (9.2) | |||||||||
|
|
Shoulder | 195 (21.4) | 121 (11.8) | 146 (16.0) | 896 (14.4) | 73 (15.8) |
|
1431 (15.0) | |||||||||
|
|
Wrist and hand | 48 (5.3) | 26 (2.5) | 52 (5.7) | 194 (3.1) | 15 (3.2) |
|
335 (3.5) | |||||||||
| Employment status, n (%) | <.001 |
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
Employed full time | 822 (90.3) | 804 (78.4) | 777 (85.1) | 4886 (78.3) | 364 (78.8) |
|
7653 (80.1) | |||||||||
|
|
Employed part-time | 22 (2.4) | 36 (3.5) | 37 (4.1) | 317 (5.1) | 15 (3.2) |
|
427 (4.5) | |||||||||
|
|
Not employed | 21 (2.3) | 37 (3.6) | 40 (4.4) | 303 (4.9) | 13 (2.8) |
|
414 (4.3) | |||||||||
|
|
Prefers not to answer | 21 (2.3) | 12 (1.2) | 11 (1.2) | 65 (1.0) | 30 (6.5) |
|
139 (1.5) | |||||||||
|
|
Retired | 15 (1.6) | 117 (11.4) | 32 (3.5) | 604 (9.7) | 28 (6.1) |
|
796 (8.3) | |||||||||
|
|
Seeking opportunities | 9 (1.0) | 5 (0.6) | 8 (0.9) | 38 (0.6) | 6 (1.3) |
|
66 (0.7) | |||||||||
|
|
Student | 1 (0.0) | 14 (1.4) | 8 (0.9) | 27 (0.4) | 6 (1.3) |
|
55 (0.6) | |||||||||
| Education level, n (%) | <.001 |
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
Some elementary or middle school | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | 3 (0.0) | 0 (0) |
|
6 (0.1) | |||||||||
|
|
Some high school | 2 (0.2) | 10 (1.0) | 13 (1.4) | 35 (0.6) | 2 (0.4) |
|
62 (0.6) | |||||||||
|
|
High school graduate or GEDa (includes technical or vocational training) | 25 (2.7) | 138 (13.5) | 160 (17.5) | 630 (10.1) | 41 (8.9) |
|
994 (10.4) | |||||||||
|
|
Some college (some community college, associate degree) | 79 (8.7) | 398 (38.8) | 279 (30.6) | 1731 (27.7) | 100 (21.6) |
|
2587 (27.1) | |||||||||
|
|
4-year college degree or bachelor’s degree | 422 (46.4) | 260 (25.4) | 270 (29.6) | 2161 (34.6) | 129 (27.9) |
|
3242 (33.9) | |||||||||
|
|
Some postgraduate or professional schooling, no postgraduate degree | 29 (3.2) | 33 (3.2) | 29 (3.2) | 223 (3.6) | 15 (3.2) |
|
329 (3.4) | |||||||||
|
|
Postgraduate or professional degree | 346 (38.0) | 179 (17.5) | 144 (15.8) | 1416 (22.7) | 107 (23.2) |
|
2192 (23.0) | |||||||||
|
|
Prefers not to answer | 7 (0.8) | 6 (0.6) | 15 (1.6) | 41 (0.7) | 68 (14.7) |
|
137 (1.4) | |||||||||
| Clinical outcomes, mean (SD) | <.001 |
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
Pain level | 4.7 (2.1) | 5.6 (2.1) | 5.3 (2.0) | 4.8 (2.0) | 4.8 (2.0) |
|
4.9 (2.0) | |||||||||
|
|
Surgery intent >0 | 19.0 (20.1) | 29.3 (27.8) | 26.3 (24.9) | 24.4 (24.6) | 21.9 (22.7) |
|
24.5 (24.7) | |||||||||
|
|
Surgery intent | 7.4 (15.6) | 13.1 (23.6) | 10.8 (20.5) | 10.4 (20.0) | 8.2 (17.4)8 |
|
10.3 (20.1) | |||||||||
|
|
GAD-7b≥5 | 8.1 (3.5) | 9.3 (4.2) | 9.9 (4.7) | 8.8 (4.0) | 9.5 (4.3) |
|
9.0 (4.1) | |||||||||
|
|
GAD-7 | 2.7 (4.0) | 3.0 (4.6) | 4.0 (5.3) | 3.2 (4.5) | 3.3 (4.8) |
|
3.2 (4.5) | |||||||||
|
|
PHQ-9c≥5 | 8.2 (3.6) | 9.5 (4.4) | 10.0 (5.0) | 9.5 (4.3) | 10.0 (4.9) |
|
9.5 (4.4) | |||||||||
|
|
PHQ-9 | 1.8 (3.5) | 2.7 (4.6) | 2.8 (3.5) | 2.5 (4.5) | 2.8 (4.9) |
|
2.5 (4.5) | |||||||||
|
|
WPAId overall>0 | 27.6 (18.3) | 35.6 (21.2) | 33.6 (22.5) | 29.1 (19.2) | 29.7 (19.6) |
|
30.1 (19.8) | |||||||||
|
|
WPAI overall | 16.0 (19.5) | 20.3 (23.8) | 19.5 (23.9) | 17.3 (20.6) | 18.4 (21.2) |
|
17.7 (21.2) | |||||||||
|
|
WPAI work >0 | 26.5 (17.3) | 34.3 (20.3) | 32.3 (21.6) | 28.2 (18.2) | 28.5 (18.5) |
|
29.0 (18.8) | |||||||||
|
|
WPAI work | 15.1 (18.5) | 19.1 (22.8) | 18.4 (22.8) | 16.4 (19.6) | 17.4 (20.1) |
|
16.8 (20.2) | |||||||||
|
|
WPAI time >0 | 19.1 (23.7) | 37.1 (36.2) | 28.6 (33.6) | 23.1 (27.7) | 29.4 (33.9) |
|
25.5 (30.0) | |||||||||
|
|
WPAI time | 2.1 (9.9) | 4.9 (18.2) | 3.8 (15.7) | 2.3 (11.2) | 4.7 (17.3) |
|
2.8 (12.8) | |||||||||
|
|
WPAI activity >0 | 33.0 (21.7) | 42.2 (24.1) | 39.7 (24.1) | 37.3 (22.2) | 37.8 (22.7) |
|
37.6 (22.6) | |||||||||
|
|
WPAI activity | 23.4 (23.6) | 30.1 (27.9) | 28.8 (27.1) | 30.0 (24.8) | 29.8 (25.4) |
|
29.3 (25.3) | |||||||||
aGED: General Educational Development.
bGAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale.
cPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item.
dWPAI: Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire.