Table 1.
Cardiac characteristics and post-COVID-functional-scale (PCFS).
| Variables | Overall cohort n = 227 | PCFS 0 n = 52 | PCFS 1 n = 29 | PCFS 2 n = 87 | PCFS 3 n = 50 | PCFS 4 n = 9 | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Course of Covid-19 | |||||||
| Asymptomatic | 13 (5.7) | 10 (19.2) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.3) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0) | |
| Mild | 188 (82.8) | 38 (73.1) | 26 (89.7) | 78 (89.7) | 42 (84) | 4 (44.4) | |
| Moderate (hospital) | 23 (10.1) | 4 (7.7) | 3 (10.3) | 7 (8) | 7 (14) | 2 (22.2) | |
| Severe (ICU) | 3 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (33.3) | < 0.001* |
| Baseline | |||||||
| Female [%] | 146 (64.3) | 31 (59.6) | 17 (58.6) | 59 (67.8) | 34 (68) | 5 (55.6) | 0.741 |
| Age [y] | 48.6 ± 15.1 | 58.1 ± 13.9 | 41.9 ± 15.3 | 44.1 ± 13.8 | 48.2 ± 11.4 | 62.2 ± 18.9 | < 0.001* |
| Body Mass Index [kg/m2] | 27.2 ± 5.4 | 26.2 ± 4.3 | 26.2 ± 4.5 | 27.1 ± 5.7 | 28.8 ± 5.6 | 28.1 ± 7.6 | 0.123 |
| Clinical presentation | |||||||
| NYHA I | 99 (43.6) | 41 (78.9) | 17(58.6) | 24 (27.6) | 15 (30) | 2 (22.2) | |
| NYHA II | 101 (44.5) | 10 (19.2) | 12 (41.4) | 54 (62.1) | 22 (44) | 3 (33.3) | |
| NYHA III | 27 (11.9) | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 9 (10.3) | 13 (26.0) | 4 (44.4) | < 0.001* |
| Systolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 142.7 ± 20.1 | 146.1 ± 19.7 | 144.0 ± 22.3 | 141.2 ± 21.3 | 141.8 ± 17.6 | 138.8 ± 17.5 | 0.646 |
| Diastolic heart pressure [mmHg] | 85.4 ± 11.2 | 84.3 ± 11.5 | 85.6 ± 10.8 | 86.4 ± 11.8 | 85.8 ± 10.5 | 79.7 ± 10.0 | 0.47 |
| O2-Saturation [%] | 97.7 ± 2.3 | 97.4 ± 3.9 | 98.0 ± 1.5 | 98.0 ± 1.5 | 97.7 ± 1.8 | 96.3 ± 1.8 | 0.25 |
| Heart rate [/min] | 78.8 ± 14.7 | 73.6 ± 14.3 | 82.3 ± 13.6 | 80.3 ± 14.2 | 79.6 ± 15.7 | 78.0 ± 14.0 | 0.052 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension | 68 (30.1) | 16 (30.8) | 8 (27.6) | 24 (27.6) | 15 (30) | 5 (55.6) | 0.535 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 134 (59) | 34 (65.4) | 12 (41.4) | 50 (57.5) | 31 (6.2) | 7 (77.8) | 0.188 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 12 (5.3) | 4 (7.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (8.2) | 3 (33.3) | < 0.001* |
| Coronary artery disease | 6 (2.6) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (3.4) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (11.1) | 0.434 |
| Obesity | 60 (27.5) | 7 (15.9) | 6 (20.7) | 22 (25.6) | 21 (10.5) | 4 (44.4) | 0.023* |
| Neuropsychiatric assessement | |||||||
| PHQ-9 Depression | 10.1 ± 4.8 | 3.9 ± 3.0 | 7.3 ± 3.5 | 8.9 ± 4.5 | 12.2 ± 4.9 | 13.5 ± 4.6 | < 0.001* |
| GAD-7 Anxiety | 7.5 ± 4.7 | 3.3 ± 3.0 | 6.1 ± 4.0 | 7.9 ± 4.5 | 8.8 ± 5.2 | 9.4 ± 4.9 | < 0.001* |
| PHQ-15 Somatization | 13.7 ± 5.0 | 6.1 ± 4.4 | 11.9 ± 4.3 | 12.7 ± 4.6 | 16.1 ± 4.9 | 14.4 ± 4.5 | < 0.001* |
| MFI-20 Fatigue | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 1.7 | 3.4 ± 1.6 | 3.8 ± 1.4 | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 1.4 | < 0.001* |
| Laboratory | |||||||
| Hs troponin T [pg/ml] | 5.3 ± 8.3 | 7.6 ± 7.9 | 3.8 ± 5.0 | 3.8 ± 5.1 | 3.8 ± 4.0 | 20.7 ± 27.7 | < 0.001* |
| Hs troponin T > 14 pg/ml in [%] | 15 (6.6) | 3 (5.8) | 2 (6.9) | 4 (4.7) | 1 (2.0) | 5 (55) | < 0.001* |
| NT-proBNP [pg/ml] | 98.7 ± 209.2 | 98.8 ± 87.5 | 100.9 ± 155.9 | 68.8 ± 66.0 | 81.8 ± 95.1 | 468.6 ± 908.9 | < 0.001* |
| NT-proBNP > 125 pg/ml in [%] | 40 (17.7) | 13 (25) | 4 (13.8) | 11 (12.8) | 6 (12) | 6 (66.7) | < 0.001* |
| Anti-Nucleocapside [S/CO] | 1.7 ± 2.3 | 1.2 ± 1.6 | 1.2 ± 1.7 | 1.8 ± 2.2 | 1.6 ± 2.2 | 3.4 ± 4.5 | 0.189 |
| Anti-RBD [BAU/ml] | 1111 ± 1619 | 1660 ± 1783 | 1022 ± 1842 | 1128 ± 1527 | 1016 ± 1663 | 457 ± 591 | 0.447 |
| Echocardiography | |||||||
| LV-function/dimension | |||||||
| LVEF [%] | 62.2 ± 5.4 | 62.9 ± 5.8 | 62.9 ± 5.0 | 61.9 ± 5.4 | 62.1 ± 5.6 | 60.0 ± 3.5 | 0.58 |
| GLS [%] | − 19.7 ± 2.2 | − 20.6 ± 1.9 | − 19.3 ± 1.9 | − 19.5 ± 2.3 | − 19.4 ± 2.3 | − 17.5 ± 1.7 | 0.001 |
| LAVI [ml/m2] | 20.7 ± 7.8 | 22.2 ± 6.8 | 21.1 ± 8.0 | 19.4 ± 8.7 | 20.8 ± 7.2 | 21.8 ± 5.5 | 0.411 |
| LVEDV index [ml/m2] | 52.6 ± 20.9 | 52.8 ± 10.4 | 54.1 ± 9.2 | 54.7 ± 27.7 | 48.7 ± 12.0 | 49.5 ± 6.4 | 0.595 |
| RV-function/dimension | |||||||
| RVEDD [mm] | 29.2 ± 4.8 | 28.9 ± 5.7 | 29.4 ± 3.7 | 28.6 ± 4.9 | 28.6 ± 4.2 | 35.4 ± 4.7 | 0.007* |
| TAPSE [mm] | 21.6 ± 3.0 | 21.8 ± 2.6 | 22.6 ± 3.0 | 21.2 ± 2.9 | 21.4 ± 3.1 | 20.3 ± 4.7 | 0.232 |
| sPAP [mmHg] | 28.6 ± 8.1 | 31.1 ± 6.6 | 27.9 ± 4.8 | 27.3 ± 5.2 | 29.3 ± 5.8 | 38.5 ± 25.0 | 0.007* |
| RAA [cm2] | 12.1 ± 3.6 | 12.4 ± 4.3 | 12.7 ± 2.7 | 11.7 ± 3.8 | 11.9 ± 3.7 | 14.1 ± 4.0 | 0.227 |
| Diastolic function | |||||||
| E/e ‘ | 7.1 ± 2.1 | 7.6 ± 1.9 | 7.1 ± 1.9 | 6.7 ± 1.8 | 7.8 ± 2.6 | 7.3 ± 2.0 | 0.048* |
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers and percentages.
PCFS post COVID functional scale, ICU intensive care unit, NYHA New York Heart Association, Obesity defined as body mass index > 30 kg/m2, O2 oxygen, PHQ-9 patient health questionnaire-9, GAD-7 generalized anxiety disorder-7, PHQ-15 patient health questionnaire-15, MFI-20 multidimensional fatigue inventory-20, hs troponin T high sensitive troponin T, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide, Anti-RBD antibody against receptor binding domain / spike protein, LV left ventricular, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, GLS global longitudinal strain, TAPSE tricuspid annular plain systolic excursion, LAVI left atrial volume index, LVEDV index left ventricular end diastolic volume indexed, RVEDD right ventricular end diastolic diameter, RAA right atrial area, sPAP systolic pulmonary artery pressure.