Table 2.
Cardiac characteristics and multidimensional fatigue inventory.
| Variables | Overall cohort n = 226 | MFI 0/5 n = 32 | MFI 1/5 n = 18 | MFI 2/5 n = 14 | MFI 3/5 n = 27 | MFI 4/5 n = 50 | MFI 5/5 n = 85 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Course of Covid-19 | ||||||||
| Asymptomatic | 13 (5.8) | 7 (21.9) | 2 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.7) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.5) | |
| Mild | 188 (83.2) | 23 (71.9) | 12 (66.7) | 14 (100) | 24 (88.9) | 45 (90.0) | 69 (81.2) | |
| Moderate (hospitalisation) | 23 (10.2) | 2 (6.3) | 2 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (7.4) | 4 (8.0) | 12 (14.1) | |
| Severe (ICU) | 3 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (1.2) | 0.016* |
| Baseline | ||||||||
| Female [%] | 145 (64.2) | 20 (62.5) | 11 (61.1) | 10 (71.4) | 16 (59.3) | 36 (72) | 52 (61.2) | 0.794 |
| Age [y] | 48.6 ± 15.1 | 61.5 ± 11.3 | 60.1 ± 14.4 | 46.1 ± 10.8 | 48.3 ± 13.9 | 41.9 ± 15.5 | 45.8 ± 13.4 | < 0.001* |
| Body Mass Index [kg/m2] | 27.2 ± 5.4 | 26.7 ± 5.2 | 26.2 ± 3.3 | 28.3 ± 5.6 | 28.0 ± 5.2 | 26.7 ± 5.5 | 27.4 ± 5.8 | 0.783 |
| Clinical presentation | ||||||||
| NYHA I | 98 (43.4) | 26 (81.3) | 9 (50) | 7 (50) | 11 (40.7) | 15 (30.0) | 30 (35.3) | |
| NYHA II | 101 (44.7) | 6 (18.8) | 8 (44.4) | 5 (35.7) | 13 (48.1) | 26 (52.0) | 43 (50.6) | |
| NYHA III | 27 (11.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.6) | 2 (14.3) | 3 (11.1) | 9 (18.0) | 12 (14.1) | 0.003* |
| Systolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 142.7 ± 20.1 | 149.3 ± 22.8 | 146.1 ± 19.5 | 147.1 ± 17.3 | 143.4 ± 19.8 | 140.1 ± 17.3 | 140.0 ± 21.1 | 0.229 |
| Diastolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 85.4 ± 11.2 | 85.3 ± 11.4 | 81.2 ± 10.5 | 87.2 ± 7.9 | 87.0 ± 11.7 | 84.9 ± 10.3 | 85.8 ± 12.3 | 0.601 |
| O2-Saturation [%] | 97.7 ± 2.3 | 98.2 ± 1.1 | 97.8 ± 1.3 | 97.7 ± 2.1 | 96.4 ± 5.2 | 98.0 ± 1.6 | 97.8 ± 1.6 | 0.055 |
| Heart rate [/min] | 78.8 ± 14.7 | 75.5 ± 10.8 | 71.3 ± 13.0 | 82.9 ± 12.4 | 75.9 ± 16.9 | 83.2 ± 15.7 | 79.2 ± 14.5 | 0.022 |
| Cardiovascular Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Hypertension [%] | 68 (30.1) | 13 (40.6) | 5 (27.8) | 5 (35.7) | 9 (33.3) | 8 (16.0) | 28 (34) | 0.208 |
| Dyslipidaemia [%] | 133 (59) | 21 (65.6) | 13 (72.2) | 7 (50) | 16 (59.3) | 25 (50) | 51 (60) | 0.542 |
| Diabetes mellitus [%] | 12 (5.3) | 2 (6.3) | 2 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 4 (14.8) | 1 (2.0) | 3 (3.5) | 0.130 |
| Coronary artery disease [%] | 6 (2.6) | 1 (3.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (7.4) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (2.4) | 0.643 |
| Obesity [%] | 59 (27.1) | 5 (20) | 2 (11.8) | 6 (42.8) | 10 (37.0) | 12 (24) | 24 (28.6) | 0.147 |
| Neuropsychiatric assessement | ||||||||
| PHQ-9 Depression | 11.3 ± 4.5 | 2.8 ± 3.1 | 4.1 ± 2.4 | 5.5 ± 1.9 | 6.8 ± 3.5 | 8.8 ± 3.7 | 12.5 ± 4.5 | < 0.001* |
| GAD-7 Anxiety | 8.5 ± 4.6 | 2.4 ± 3.1 | 3.4 ± 2.1 | 5.1 ± 2.9 | 4.6 ± 3.3 | 5.9 ± 4.6 | 10.3 ± 3.8 | < 0.001* |
| PHQ-15 Somatization | 14.8 ± 4.7 | 5.1 ± 3.7 | 7.2 ± 4.0 | 9.3 ± 3.3 | 11.1 ± 5.1 | 12.9 ± 4.0 | 15.6 ± 4.8 | < 0.001* |
| PCFS Functional Impairment | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 1.0 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 1.0 | < 0.001* |
| Laboratory | ||||||||
| Hs troponin T [pg/ml] | 5.3 ± 8.3 | 7.6 ± 6.3 | 6.5 ± 5.0 | 4.1 ± 3.9 | 5.8 ± 9.0 | 5.1 ± 12.8 | 4.4 ± 6.4 | 0.526 |
| Hs troponin T > 14 pg/ml in [%] | 15 (6.6) | 2 (6.3) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (7.4) | 3 (6.0) | 7 (8.2) | 0.928 |
| NT-proBNP [pg/ml] | 98.7 ± 209.2 | 105.6 ± 76.0 | 126 ± 119.5 | 65.3 ± 52.2 | 77.4 ± 109.6 | 138 ± 411.9 | 80.7 ± 94.7 | 0.685 |
| NT-proBNP > 125 pg/ml in [%] | 40 (17.7) | 9 (28.1) | 7 (38.9) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (11.1) | 9 (18.0) | 11 (13.1) | 0.051 |
| Anti-Nucleocapside [S/CO] | 1.6 ± 2.2 | 1.5 ± 2.0 | 1.4 ± 1.5 | 1.9 ± 2.7 | 1.6 ± 1.8 | 1.4 ± 2.0 | 1.8 ± 2.6 | 0.186 |
| Anti-RBD [BAU/ml] | 1178 ± 1656 | 1593 ± 1761 | 1846 ± 1999 | 1589 ± 1963 | 1222 ± 1962 | 824 ± 1107 | 1025 ± 1612 | 0.058 |
| Echocardiography | ||||||||
| LV-function/dimension | ||||||||
| LVEF [%] | 62.2 ± 5.4 | 62.3 ± 5.1 | 63.6 ± 5.5 | 62.7 ± 4.9 | 60.7 ± 5.5 | 62.7 ± 6.3 | 62.0 ± 4.9 | 0.64 |
| GLS [%] | − 19.7 ± 2.2 | − 21.2 ± 2.1 | − 19.2 ± 2.0 | − 19.5 ± 1.8 | − 19.8 ± 2.4 | − 19.6 ± 2.4 | − 19.1 ± 1.9 | 0.005 |
| LAVI [ml/m2] | 20.7 ± 7.8 | 22.6 ± 6.7 | 21.9 ± 6.9 | 22.1 ± 7.1 | 21.2 ± 8.1 | 19.7 ± 7.9 | 19.8 ± 8.3 | 0.550 |
| LVEDV index [ml/m2] | 54.2 ± 22.6 | 49.9 ± 9.1 | 51.5 ± 14.1 | 53.2 ± 13.2 | 50.0 ± 12.3 | 52.3 ± 9.4 | 55.6 ± 28.4 | 0.748 |
| RV-function/dimension | ||||||||
| TAPSE [mm] | 21.6 ± 3.0 | 21.3 ± 2.3 | 22.8 ± 3.2 | 22.3 ± 4.6 | 21.4 ± 2.7 | 21.6 ± 3.3 | 21.2 ± 2.8 | 0.472 |
| RAA [cm2] | 11.9 ± 3.7 | 12.2 ± 4.1 | 13.2 ± 5.2 | 12,5 ± 4.1 | 12.6 ± 2.3 | 12.3 ± 4.2 | 11.6 ± 3.4 | 0.508 |
| RVEDD [mm] | 29.1 ± 5.3 | 28.3 ± 5.3 | 30.0 ± 5.5 | 29.9 ± 4.1 | 29.0 ± 3.6 | 28.9 ± 5.4 | 29.3 ± 5.2 | 0.900 |
| sPAP [mmHg] | 29.0 ± 8.6 | 30.0 ± 5.0 | 28.9 ± 8.0 | 28.6 ± 6.1 | 30.1 ± 8.2 | 29.9 ± 11.8 | 28.5 ± 5.8 | 0.924 |
| Diastolic function | ||||||||
| E/e’ | 7.0 ± 2.0 | 7.8 ± 1.9 | 7.3 ± 1.6 | 7.3 ± 2.0 | 7.5 ± 2.5 | 6.9 ± 1.9 | 7.1 ± 2.1 | 0.366 |
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers and percentages.
MFI-20 multidimensional Fatigue inventory-20, ICU intensive care unit, NYHA New York Heart Association, Obesity defined as Bbody mass index > 30 kg/m2, O2 oxygen, PHQ-9 patient health questionnaire-9, GAD-7 generalized anxiety disorder-7, PHQ-15 patient health questionnaire-15, PCFS post COVID functional scale, hs troponin T high sensitive Troponin T, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide, Anti-RBD antibody against receptor binding domain/spike protein, LV left ventricular, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, GLS global longitudinal strain, TAPSE tricuspid annular plain systolic excursion, LAVI left atrial volume index, LVEDV index left ventricular end diastolic volume indexed, RVEDD right ventricular end diastolic diameter, RAA right atrial area, sPAP systolic pulmonary artery pressure.