Table 1.
Published cases of tumor embolism.
| Article | Tumor type | Invasion or metastases | Site of embolization | Management/surgical intervention | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheema et al. [7] | Non-small cell Lung cancer | Cardiac metastases | Infra-renal aorta and bilateral common iliac arteries | Thrombectomy | Death. Unable to be weaned |
| Togo et al. [8] | Squamous cell lung cancer | Left atrial invasion | Right superficial femoral artery Superior mesenteric artery |
Right femoral embolectomy and balloon angioplasty (failed) Right Above-knee amputation Laparotomy and small bowel resection |
Morbidity. Discharged to rehabilitation unit after 3 months |
| Lioudaki et al. [9] | Left upper (LUL) Lung cancer | Invasion into left superior pulmonary vein and aortic arch adventitia | Infra-renal aorta (post-op complication) | Bilateral femoral embolectomies (inadequate) Subclavian-bifemoral bypass |
Death on post-operative day 5 |
| Cinarka et al. [10] | LUL Squamous cell Lung cancer | Invasion into hilar structures | Right brachial artery | Brachial embolectomy | Discharged |
| De Alcantara et al. [11] | Adenocarcinoma of right lung | Invasion into pulmonary vein | Saddle embolus aortic bifurcation (post-op complication) | Bilateral femoral embolectomy | Discharged |
| Schreffler et al. [12] | Adenocarcinoma of lung | Invasion into left pulmonary vein and left atrium | Left external artery Right popliteal artery Left frontal lobe cortical infarct Bilateral renal infarcts Splenic infarct |
Bilateral embolectomy and bilateral fasciotomies | Discharged |
| Morsey et al. [13] | Germ cell origin lung cancer | xxx | |||
| French et al. [14] | Lung cancer | xxx | |||
| Tsubouchi et al. [15] | Mediastinal Sarcoma | Partly infiltrated descending aorta | Bilateral renal arteries | Catheter directed thrombolysis | Discharged |
| Azdaki [16] | Left Atrial Myxoma | Left anterior descending coronary artery | Percutaneous coronary intervention and embolectomy | Failed revascularisation (morbidity) | |
| Araki, S [17] | Squamous cell Esophageal cancer | Invasion into superior vena cava (had right to left shunt) | Left middle cerebral artery | Mechanical thrombo-embolectomy | Successful revascularisation. Discharged. Morbidity with stroke |
| Liu et al. [18] | Lung cancer | Invasion into left atrium | Coronary artery (Acute MI) Acute limb ischemia |
Treatment abandoned | Death |
| Herbert et al. [19] | Left Atrial Myxoma | Cerebral white matter Left popliteal artery |
Surgical excision | Discharged | |
| Murugan et al. [20] | Invasive ductal Breast cancer | Liver metastases | Pulmonary artery | Thrombolysis | Death |
| Hattori et al. [21] | Adenocarcinoma of prostate | Haematogenous metastases | Pulmonary artery (on autopsy) | Death | |
| Yoshikawa et al. [22] | Pleomorphic Lung cancer | Vascular invasion | Right middle cerebral artery | Mechanical embolectomy | Successful revascularisation. Morbidity due to stroke |
| Oyama et al. [23] | Mucoepidermoid Lung cancer | Right pulmonary vein and left atrium invasion | Distal left internal carotid artery | Mechanical thrombectomy | Successful revascularisation Death |
| Mouadili et al. [24] | Left atrial Myxoma | Left femoral artery Right distal popliteal artery |
Bilateral embolectomy Surgical excision |
Successful revascularisation. Discharged | |
| Peters et al. [25] | Infected left Atrial myxoma | Left anterior descending coronary artery (MI) | PCI with stents Surgical excision and mitral valve replacement |
Successful revascularization. Discharged. Morbidity: major surgery |
|
| Walong et al. [26] | Cardiac Myxoma | Cerebral circulation (stroke) | Death | ||
| Matthew et al. [27] | Cardiac Myxoma | Infra-renal aorta (bilateral lower limb ischemia) | Embolectomy Surgical excision |
Discharged | |
| Gudipalli et al. [28] | Signet cell carcinoma (GI tract origin) | Bony metastases | DIC and haematuria, Digital infarction | Death | |
| Salam et al. [29] | Urothelial carcinoma | Lung metastases involving pulmonary arteries and veins | Pulmonary artery (pulmonary hypertension) | Diagnostic VATS wedge | Death |
| Khreis et al. [30] | Squamous cell lung cancer | Invasion into pulmonary vein and left atrium | Right renal artery (infarct) | Discharged for palliative chemo | |
| Latifi et al. [31] | Atrial myxoma | Splenic infarct Renal infarcts Right external and internal iliac artery, Left common femoral artery, coronary artery |
Bilateral femoral embolectomy Surgical excision |
Discharged | |
| Goddard et al. [32] | Neuroendocrine lung cancer | Invasion into pulmonary vein | Basilar artery (stroke) | Endovascular embolectomy | Death |
| Carnevale et al. [33] | Acute myeloid leukemia | Femoral artery Tibial artery |
Femoral embolectomy, common femoral endarterectomy, and patch plasty and tibial embolectomy | Discharged | |
| Fukami et al. [34] | Sarcoma | Internal carotid artery (stroke) | Percutaneous embolectomy | Discharged | |
| Ali et al. [35] | Atrial Myxoma | Coronary artery (Myocardial infarction) | Thrombolysis, Angio gram Surgical excision |
Discharged | |
| Senyei et al. [36] | Renal cell carcinoma | Invasion into renal vein and pulmonary artery metastases | Pulmonary artery (pulmonary hypertension) | Pulmonary thrombo-embolectomy | Discharged |
| Whealon et al. [37] | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Invasion into inferior vena cava | Bilateral pulmonary arteries | Surgical thrombo-embolectomy | Death |
| Iwashita et al. [38] | Gastric cancer | Pulmonary artery (pulmonary thrombotic angiopathy) | Veno-arterial Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) | Death | |
| Waithayawongsakul et al. [39] | Atrial Myxoma | Left circumflex (MI) | PCI and thrombectomy Surgical excision |
Discharged | |
| Ohshima et al. [40] | Squamous cell lung cancer | Abdominal aorta (bilateral renal infarcts, splenic infarcts, liver infarcts and brain infarcts) | Death | ||
| Rudkovsaia et al. [41] | Adenocarcinoma Gastro-esophageal junction | Metastases | Pulmonary arteries (pulmonary hypertension) | Death | |
| Zizi et al. [42] | Cardiac Myxoma | Infra-renal aorta | Embolectomy | Death | |
| Ali et al. [43] | Cardiac Myxoma | Right coronary artery (Acute MI) | PCI Surgical Excision |
Discharged | |
| Nagai et al. [44] | Anaplastic large cell lymphoma | Cardiac metastases | Right anterior tibial, Left popliteal artery | Discharged | |
| Cannarile et al. [45] | Atrial myxoma | Coronary artery (MI) | |||
| Dimitrovic et al. [46] | Lung cancer | Invasion into left atrium | Right middle cerebral artery (stroke) | Morbidity | |
| Selby et al. [47] | Atrial myxoma | TIA | Surgical excision | Discharged | |
| Kheiwa et al. [48] | Myofibroblast tumor | Left main coronary artery (Acute MI) | Percutaneous coronary intervention | Discharged | |
| Pineda et al. [49] | Left atrial myxoma containing malignant lymphoma cells | Obtuse marginal coronary branch (Acute MI) | PCI Surgical excision |
Discharged |