Table 1.

Summary of demographic, pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic differences between HFrEF and HFpEF

Characteristics		HFpEF	HFrEF
Demographics		Older age, female predominance	Younger age, male predominance
Risk factors		Ageing, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity	Ischaemic heart disease, smoking
Pathophysiology		Coronary microvascular inflammation	Direct cardiomyocyte injury and loss
Natriuretic peptides		Lower levels	Higher levels
LV morphology and other properties	LVEF	≥50%	<50%
	LV remodelling	Concentric remodelling	Eccentric remodelling
	LV volumes	Normal	Increased
	Systolic dysfunction (other than EF)	+	++
	Diastolic dysfunction	++	+
	Aortic stiffness	++	+
	Disturbance of LV relaxation or compliance	++	+
Response to HF therapy	ACEia	−	++
	ARBa	−	++
	SGLT2 inhibitorsb	++	++
	ARNI	−	++
	Bteablockers	−	++
	MRA	+	++
Cause of death	Predominantly non-CV death	Predominantly CV death

^aTrials have not demonstrated clinically meaningful benefit in HFrEF but ARBs/ACEis have proven long-term benefits in the progression of CKD.

^bLower risk of HF hospitalization in HFpEF.