Table 2.
Results of the critical appraisal with PROBAST
| Study | ROB | Applicability | Overall | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | Predictors | Outcome | Analysis | Participants | Predictors | Outcome | ROB | Applicability | |
| S01 [54] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| S02 [55] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| S03 [56] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S05 [57] | + | ? | ? | − | + | − | ? | − | − |
| S07 [58] | + | + | + | − | + | ? | + | − | + |
| S08 [59] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S09 [38] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S10 [60] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S11 [61] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S12 [62] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S15 [63] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| S18 [64] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S20 [65] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S22 [66] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S23 [67] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S26 [68] | + | + | ? | − | + | − | ? | − | − |
| S32 [69] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S38 [70] | + | + | ? | − | + | − | ? | − | − |
| S39 [71] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S40 [72] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | − |
| S41 [73] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S42 [74] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S43 [75] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S44 [76] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S46 [77] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| S48 [78] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S49 [79] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S50 [80] | + | + | − | − | + | − | − | − | − |
| S52 [81] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S53 [82] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S54 [83] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S56 [84] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | − |
| S58 [85] | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S59 [86] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S60 [87] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S61 [88] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S62 [89] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S63 [90] | + | − | + | − | + | ? | + | − | ? |
| S64 [91] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S65 [92] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S66 [93] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S67 [94] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S68 [38] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S70 [95] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S71 [96] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | − | + |
| S72 [97] | − | + | − | − | ? | + | ? | − | ? |
The plus symbol (+) indicates low risk of bias (ROB) or low concern for applicability; the minus symbol (−) means high ROB or high concern for applicability; the question mark (?) implies unclear ROB or unclear concern for applicability.