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editorial
. 2022 Mar 10;15(12):2169–2176. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfac071

Table 3.

Major causes of hypotonic hyponatraemia [21]. Those that may have applied to Lee, according to publicly available information, are underlined.

Disorders in which ADH levels are not elevated
Polydipsia (e.g. marijuana)
Low dietary solute intake (beer drinker's potomania, tea and toast diet)
Disorders with impaired urine dilution but normal suppression of ADH
Renal impairment
Diuretic-induced hyponatraemia
Disorders with impaired urine dilution due to unsuppressed ADH secretion
 Reduced effective arterial blood volume
 True volume depletion (hypovolemic hyponatraemia)
 Heart failure and cirrhosis (hypervolemic hyponatraemia)
Addison's disease
SIADH (euvolemic hyponatraemia)
 CNS disturbances
 Malignancies
Drugs: anti-epileptic drugs, opiates, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents
 Surgery
 Pulmonary disease
Hormonal deficiency: secondary adrenal insufficiency (opiates), hypothyroidism
 Hormone administration (vasopressin, desmopressin, oxytocin)
 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Disorders with impaired urine dilution due to abnormal V2 receptor (nephrogenic SIADH)
Abnormally low osmostat
 Acquired reset osmostat of chronic illness
 Genetic reset osmostat
 Reset osmostat of pregnancy
Exercise-induced hyponatraemia
Cerebral salt wasting