Table 1.
Selected characteristics of study participants stratified by presence or absence of CKD
| Characteristics | Total | CKD | Non-CKD | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n | 9 461 631 | 88 271 | 9 373 360 | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 41.1 (13.3) | 64.2 (14.1) | 40.9 (13.1) | <.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 4 402 939 (46.5) | 41 651 (47.2) | 4 361 288 (46.5) | <.001 |
| Live in the north, n (%) | 3 806 293 (40.2) | 31 754 (36.0) | 3 774 539 (40.3) | <.001 |
| Prior diseases, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes | 467 410 (5.11) | 14 663 (16.8) | 452 747 (5.00) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 1 922 436 (21.9) | 47 290 (56.0) | 1 875 146 (21.6) | <.001 |
| CVD | 52 693 (0.72) | 3040 (4.63) | 49 653 (0.69) | <.001 |
| Metabolic risk factors, mean (SD) | ||||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 123 (18.1) | 140 (22.8) | 123 (18.0) | <.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.2 (12.0) | 79.7 (13.6) | 75.2 (12.0) | <.001 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 73.0 (9.16) | 73.2 (10.1) | 73.0 (9.15) | <.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 (3.62) | 24.9 (3.42) | 23.9 (3.62) | <.001 |
| LDL (mmol/l) | 2.70 (0.82) | 2.90 (0.92) | 2.70 (0.82) | <.001 |
| HDL (mmol/l) | 1.36 (0.34) | 1.37 (0.36) | 1.36 (0.34) | <.001 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 4.80 (0.98) | 5.14 (1.14) | 4.79 (0.97) | <.001 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.53 (1.25) | 1.83 (1.36) | 1.52 (1.24) | <.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 5.16 (1.24) | 5.75 (1.83) | 5.16 (1.23) | <.001 |
| Kidney function, mean (SD) | ||||
| UA (µmol/l) | 331 (95.0) | 399 (113) | 330 (94.6) | <.001 |
| Creatinine (µmol/l) | 69.4 (18.3) | 124 (72.9) | 68.8 (16.1) | <.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 106 (17.9) | 51.2 (9.86) | 106 (17.2) | <.001 |
| Proteinuria, n (%)a | 120 196 (1.36) | 11 088 (13.6) | 109 108 (1.25) | <.001 |
CKD was defined as an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2.
Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg or a self-reported history of hypertension.
Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l or haemoglobin A1c ≥6.5% or a self-reported history of diabetes.
CVD was defined as a self-reported history of coronary heart disease.
Proteinuria was defined as a total urinary protein concentration >1 g/l (++ or more).