. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2022 Sep 2;189:114524. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114524

Table 2.

Information of candidate elements for DECT or spectral CT CAs.

Atomic number	Name	K-edge (keV)	Nanoparticle	Applications of elements
53	Iodine (I)	33.2	iohexol, ioversol, iopromide, iopamidol	CT
70	Ytterbium (Yb)	61.3	YbNC, YbNP@SiO₂-NTA	CT/ Upconversion luminescence imaging
71	Lutetium (Lu)	63.3	(PEG)-NaLuF4:19 %Yb³⁺/1%Er³⁺	CT/ Upconversion luminescence imaging
72	Hafnium (Hf)	65.3	HfO₂	CT
73	Tantalum (Ta)	67.4	Zwitterionic-coated tantalum oxide (TaCZ)	CT
74	Tungsten (W)	69.5	NMG⁺[(W₃O₂)(acetylate)₉]⁻ (tungsten cluster)	CT/ Photothermal therapy (PTT)
75	Rhenium (Re)	71.7	ReS₂	CT/PTT
79	Gold (Au)	80.7	AuNP, Au-HDL	CT/PTT/ Chemotherapy
83	Bismuth (Bi)	90.5	BiF₃@PDA@HA, Fibrin-targeted BiNC	CT/PTT