TABLE 1.
Summary of virulence genes affected by lactobacilli
| Bacteria | Gene | Protein | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Listeria monocytogenes | fbp | Fibronectin-binding protein | Adhesion to epithelial cells | 114 |
| flaA | Flagellin | Motility | 28 | |
| hly | Hemolysin listeriolysin O (LLO) | Survival inside macrophages | 27 | |
| iap | Invasion-associated protein | Invasion of epithelial cells | 114 | |
| plcA, plcB | PlcA and PlcB phospholipases | Survival inside macrophages | 27 | |
| prfA | Transcriptional activator of hly and plc genes | 29 | ||
| sigB | Stress response regulon | 31 | ||
| Autolysin amidase (Ami) | Bacterial adhesion on enterocytes | 29 | ||
| Actin-polymerizing protein (ActA) | Required for actin polymerization allowing intracytoplasmic movement | 30 | ||
| Internalin A (InlA) Internalin B (IlnB) | Adhesion and internalization inside enterocytes | 27 | ||
| Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) | Bacterial adhesion on enterocytes | 29 | ||
| Salmonella spp. | avrA | AvrA | Inhibition of innate immunity | 56 |
| hilA | HilA | Regulation of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 gene expression | 48 | |
| hilC hilD | HilC, HilD | Transcriptional regulators of hilA | 48 | |
| invH | Outer membrane lipoprotein InvH | Facilitates the translocation of proteins, including SipC, from the cytoplasm to the membrane | 53 | |
| nmp | Outer membrane-associated protein | Bacterial porin formation | 114 | |
| prgK | PrgK periplasmatic protein | Type III secretion system | 49 | |
| sip | Sip effector protein | Induction of inflammation response | 52 | |
| sop | Salmonella outer Protein B | Lipid phosphatase critical in enteropathogenicity | 50 | |
| sptP | SptP effector protein | Recovery of the host cytoskeleton after the infection | 55 | |
| spv | Promoter of the virulence genes of nontyphoid Salmonella serovars | 51 | ||
| ssrB | SsrB | Activation of genes needed for intracellular survival | 57 | |
| Campylobacter jejuni | cadF | Outer membrane protein CadF | Adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells | 76 |
| cdt | Cytolethal distending toxin | Toxin composed by three subunits, involved in cell adhesion and inhibition of cell division | 76 | |
| cia | Campylobacter invasion antigen B | Invasion potential | 76 | |
| fla | Flagellin | Motility and colonization | 76 | |
| flh | Flagellin | Motility and colonization | 76 | |
| luxS | LuxS enzyme | Production of autoinducer 2 (AI-2) | 79 | |
| Escherichia coli | eaeA | Intimin | Attachment to cell surface | 86 |
| fliC | Flagellin | Motility | 96 | |
| hly | Enterohemolysin and α-hemolysin | Toxins with hemolytic activity | 87 | |
| ler | LEE1-encoded regulator | Transcriptional activator of LEE genes | 94 | |
| luxS | LuxS enzyme | Production of autoinducer 2 (AI-2) | 97, 98 | |
| qseA | QseA effector protein | LEE1 gene activator | 95 | |
| stx | Shiga-like toxin Stx | Toxin causing diarrhea and other disorders | 89 | |
| tir | Translocated intimin protein | Adhesion to epithelial cells | 93 | |
| Adhesins | Adhesion on both abiotic and cell surfaces | 91 | ||
| Intimin receptor EspE | Type III secretion system that allows attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions | 92 | ||
| Clostridium spp. | luxS | LuxS enzyme | Production of autoinducer 2 (AI-2) | 125 |
| tcdA | Enterotoxin A | Toxin that causes diarrhea and intestinal damage | 119, 120 | |
| tcdB | Toxin B | Toxin with strong cytotoxic effect | 119, 120 | |
| txeR | σ factor | Induces RNA polymerase to recognize the promoters of tdc genes | 121 | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | agr | QS system that regulates virulence factors | 130 | |
| ica | Biofilm formation | 137 | ||
| mecA | Methicillin resistance | 136 | ||
| sae | Regulatory locus that activates the production of different exoproteins | 131 | ||
| sbi | Ig-binding protein | Binding to IgG and blood coagulation | 135 | |
| sea | Enterotoxin A | Food poisoning | 132 | |
| spa | Protein A | Inhibition of phagocytosis | 135 | |
| ssl1 | Staphylococcus superantigen-like protein (SSL-1) | Inhibition of metalloproteases | 134 | |
| tst | Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) | Superantigen that causes organ dysfunctions associated with high mortality rate | 133 | |
| Helicobacter spp. | cagA | CagA cytotoxin | Alteration of intracellular signal transduction | 148 |
| fla | Flagellin | Motility | 149 | |
| vacA | VacA cytotoxin | Fusion between endosomes and lysosomes in eukaryotic cells | 148 | |
| Pseudomonas spp. | exo | Cytotoxins belonging to the type III effector proteins family | Toxins that cause different damage to the host | 157 |
| fleSR | Flagellin | Flagella necessary for swimming/swarming motility | 158 | |
| lasI/R | LasI/R protein | QS system that regulates virulence factors | 162 | |
| ndvB | Biofilm formation | 157 | ||
| pil | Pilin | Type IV pili necessary for twitching motility | 158 | |
| rhI/R | RhI/R protein | QS system that regulates virulence factors | 162 | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | sugE | Biofilm formation | 163 | |
| treC | 163 | |||
| Streptococcus spp. | ftf | Fructosyltransferase | Adhesion | 168 |
| gtf | Glucotransferase | Production of exopolysaccharides | 167 | |
| luxS | LuxS enzyme | Production of autoinducer 2 (AI-2) | 171 | |
| sag | Streptolysin S | Toxin that causes erythrocyte lysis | 177 | |
| tft | Glucosyltransferase (GTF) | Production of exopolysaccharides | 167 | |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | Major outer protein porin PorB | Suppression of neutrophil oxidative burst and apoptosis | 187 | |
| N. gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide (LOS) | Adhesion and invasion of the host cells | 187 | ||
| Opacity proteins (Opa) | Colonization of the mucosal epithelium | 187 | ||
| Pilin | Type IV pili for twitching motility, immune evasion, and colonization | 187 | ||
| Trichomonas vaginalis | Lipophosphoglycan | Adherence factor | 186 | |
| Gardnerella vaginalis | sld | Sialidase | Adhesion to cells and surfaces | 188 |
| vly | Vaginolysin | Inhibition of immune response | ||
| Candida albicans | ALS3 | Adhesins | Adhesion properties | 195 |
| BCR1 | Biofilm formation | 195 | ||
| CPH1 | Biofilm formation | 195 | ||
| ECE1 | Yeast-to-hyphal morphogenesis | 196 | ||
| EFG1 | Biofilm formation | 195 | ||
| HWP1 | Adhesins | Adhesion properties | 195 | |
| MspI | Major peptidoglycan hydrolase | Chitin hydrolysis | 204 | |
| Saps | Hydrolytic enzymes | 196 | ||
| TEC1 | Biofilm formation | 195 | ||
| CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1 proteins | Resistance to drugs and immune system | 195 | ||
| Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans | ltxA | Leukotoxins | Induces the death of leukocytes | 220 |
| cdtB | Cytolethal distending toxin | Diarrheal disease-causing toxin |