Fig. 1.

Apelin/APJ system alleviates cerebrovascular diseases. The mechanisms of apelin/APJ system alleviates SAH include the following: Apelin/APJ system inhibits Bcl-2-mediated apoptosis through PI3K/Akt agonism of GLP-1R. Apelin/APJ system inhibits TXNIP/NLRP3-mediated caspase-1, IL-1β and TNF-α, and MPO release through AMPK. The apelin/APJ system inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress through the ATF6/CHOP pathways. The mechanisms of apelin/APJ system alleviates ischemic stroke include the following: Apelin/APJ system inhibits oxidative stress via PLC/IP3/CAMKK/AMPK/GSK-3β/Nrf-2 pathways. Apelin/APJ system inhibits AQP4-mediated edema via PI3K/Akt. Apelin/APJ system inhibits MCP-1 and MIP-1α-mediated inflammation. SAH subarachnoid hemorrhage, Bcl-2 B-cell lymphoma 2, PI3K phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, Akt protein kinase B, TXNIP thioredoxin-interacting protein, NLRP3 NOD-like receptor protein 3, IL-1β interleukin-1β, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, MPO myeloperoxidase, AMPK AMP-activated kinase, ATF6 activating transcription factor 6, CHOP C/EBP homologous protein, PLC phospholipase C, IP3 inositol triphosphate, CAMKK calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinase, GSK-3 β glycogen synthase kinase-3β, Nrf-2 nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2, AQP4 aquaporin 4, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MIP-1α macrophage inflammatory protein 1α