Table 3.
Types of AE and their impact by avoidability.
| Avoidability of AE |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Not avoidable |
Avoidable |
||||
| n (%) | n | % (CI95%) | n | % (CI95%) | p Value | |
| Types of AE | ||||||
| Healthcare-related infections | 53 (45.3) | 18 | 52.9 (35.1 to 70.2) | 35 | 42.2 (31.4 to 53.5) | <0.001** |
| Complications of a procedure | 27 (23.1) | 13 | 38.2 (22.2 to 56.4) | 14 | 16.9 (9.5 to 26.7) | |
| Complications in care | 24 (20.5) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0 to 10.3) | 24 | 28.9 (19.5 to 39.9) | |
| Adverse effects of medication | 8 (6.8) | 2 | 5.9 (0.7 to 19.7) | 6 | 7.2 (2.7 to 15.1) | |
| Other AE | 5 (4.3) | 1 | 2.9 (0.1 to 15.3) | 4 | 4.8 (1.3 to 11.9) | |
| The time of health care at which the AE occurred | ||||||
| Before admission | 22 (18.8) | 8 | 23.5 (10.7 to 41.2) | 14 | 16.9 (9.5 to 26.7) | 0.916 |
| During admission | 2 (1.7) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0 to 10.3) | 2 | 2.4 (0.3 to 8.4) | |
| During a procedure | 12 (10.3) | 4 | 11.8 (3.3 to 27.5) | 8 | 9.6 (4.3 to 18.1) | |
| After the procedure | 13 (11.1) | 4 | 11.8 (3.3 to 27.5) | 9 | 10.8 (5.1 to 19.6) | |
| On the ward | 66 (56.4) | 18 | 52.9 (35.1 to 70.2) | 48 | 57.8 (46.5 to 68.6) | |
| At the end of admission | 2 (1.7) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0 to 10.3) | 2 | 2.4 (0.3 to 8.4) | |
| Severity | ||||||
| Mild | 47 (40.2) | 5 | 14.7 (4.9 to 31.1) | 42 | 50.6 (39.4 to 61.8) | <0.001** |
| Moderate | 36 (30.8) | 18 | 52.9 (35.1 to 70.2) | 18 | 21.7 (13.4 to 32.1) | |
| Severe | 34 (29.1) | 11 | 32.4 (17.4 to 50.5) | 23 | 27.7 (18.4 to 38.6) | |
| Additional assistance as a result of the AE | ||||||
| Healthcare was not affected | 1 (0.9) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0 to 10.3) | 1 | 1.2 (0.0 to 6.5) | 0.793 |
| It required only additional observation | 4 (3.4) | 2 | 5.9 (0.7 to 19.7) | 2 | 2.4 (0.3 to 8.4) | |
| Only required one additional test | 2 (1.7) | 1 | 2.9 (0.1 to 15.3) | 1 | 1.2 (0.0 to 6.5) | |
| Medical treatment or rehabilitation | 75 (64.1) | 20 | 58.8 (40.7 to 75.4) | 55 | 66.3 (55.1 to 76.3) | |
| Additional surgical intervention | 22 (18.8) | 7 | 20.6 (8.7 to 37.9) | 15 | 18.1 (10.5 to 28.0) | |
| Life support intervention or treatment | 13 (11.1) | 4 | 11.8 (3.3 to 27.5) | 9 | 10.8 (5.1 to 19.6) | |
| Affect of AE on stay | ||||||
| It did not lengthen the stay | 48 (41.0) | 5 | 14.7 (4.9 to 31.1) | 43 | 51.8 (40.6 to 62.9) | <0.001** |
| Part of the stay | 48 (41.0) | 23 | 67.7 (49.5 to 82.6) | 25 | 30.1 (20.5 to 41.8) | |
| Cause of re-admission | 20 (17.1) | 6 | 17.7 (6.8 to 34.5) | 14 | 16.9 (9.5 to 26.7) | |
| Unknown | 1 (0.9) | 0 | 0.0 (0.0 to 10.3) | 1 | 1.2 (0.0 to 6.5) | |
| Additional days of hospitalization caused by Aes | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 17.3 (40.8) | 24.1 (54.8) | 4.92 to 43.2 | 14.5 (34.4) | 6.9 to 22.0 | |
| Median (IR) | 4 (0 to 19) | 15 (2 to 20) | 0 (0 to 12) | 0.002* | ||
| Average daily economic cost per AE | €268.9 / day | €257.9 /day | €273.4 /day | |||
| Total (Days) | 2,001 | 818 | 1,183 | |||
| Total economic cost | € 558,326.8 | € 227,103.8 | € 331,223.0 | |||
| Additional days of ICU stay caused by AEs | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.7 (5.7) | 1.6 (4.5) | 0.1 to 3.2 | 1.8 (6.3) | 0.5 to 3.2 | |
| Median (IR) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0.952 | ||
| Average daily economic cost per AE | €1,712 /day | €1,841.6 /day | €1,658.5 /day | |||
| Total (Days) | 206 | 55 | 151 | |||
| Total economic cost | € 351,390.0 | € 100,980.0 | € 250,410.0 | |||
| Total | 117 (100)*** | 34 | 29.1 (21.0 to 38.2) | 83 | 70.9 (61.8 to 79.0) | |
AE: healthcare-related adverse events; SD: standard deviation; IR: interquartile range.
P for percentage difference: Chi2 (if parametric test conditions are met) and Fisher’s exact test (non-parametric).
P for quantitative variables: using Mann–Whitney U when normal criteria are not met.
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; ***4 AE of unknown avoidable nature are excluded.