TABLE 1.
Overall Effects of School Start Time for Youth Outcomes
| 95% CI | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Developmental Outcomes | n | m | I 2 | ES | Lower | Upper | P |
|
| |||||||
| Aggregated outcome | 28 | 445 | 99.728 | 0.061 | 0.015 | 0.107 | .01* |
| Sleep | 25 | 305 | 99.160 | 0.054 | −0.014 | 0.121 | .11 |
| Duration | 23 | 94 | 99.282 | 0.109 | 0.019 | 0.199 | .02* |
| Quality | 10 | 41 | 37.060 | −0.053 | −0.113 | 0.008 | .08** |
| Bedtime | 17 | 58 | 97.789 | 0.101 | −0.048 | 0.250 | .17 |
| Wake time | 15 | 52 | 98.804 | 0.021 | −0.236 | 0.278 | .86 |
| Sleepiness | 13 | 31 | 96.854 | 0.167 | −0.010 | 0.343 | .06** |
| Chronotype | 7 | 12 | 86.818 | −0.029 | −0.155 | 0.097 | .59 |
| Hygiene | 2 | 5 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Social/jet lags and naps | 3 | 9 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Socioemotional | 8 | 43 | 82.900 | 0.046 | −0.007 | 0.098 | .08** |
| Positive | 5 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Negative | 7 | 31 | 79.302 | 0.060 | 0.001 | 0.119 | .04* |
| Academic | 8 | 53 | 99.913 | 0.026 | −0.132 | 0.184 | .70 |
| Cognitive | 4 | 19 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Behavioral | 3 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Physical | 3 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — |
Age was adjusted in all analyses. Estimates with df < 4 are not considered to be reliable. ES, effect sizes assessed in correlation; m, number of effect sizes; n, number of studies; —, refers to analyses where the degrees of freedom was less than 4, which would provide unreliable estimates, therefore estimates were not analyzed.
*
P < .05
**
P < .10.