TABLE 2.
Moderating Effects of Initial School Start Time for the Association between School Start Time and Youth Outcomes
| 95% CI | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Developmental Outcomes | Initial School Start Timing | ES | Lower | Upper | P |
|
| |||||
| Aggregated outcome | 7:30 to 7:59 vs before 7:30 | 0.135 | 0.023 | 0.246 | .02* |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs before 7:30 | 0.073 | −0.088 | 0.234 | .31 | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | −0.060 | −0.239 | 0.120 | .43 | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| Sleep | 7:30 to 7:59 vs before 7:30 | 0.193 | 0.027 | 0.358 | .03* |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs before 7:30 | 0.165 | −0.031 | 0.361 | .08** | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | −0.025 | −0.207 | 0.156 | .73 | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| Duration | 7:30 to 7:59 vs before 7:30 | 0.220 | −0.018 | 0.459 | .07** |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs before 7:30 | 0.131 | −0.068 | 0.329 | .16 | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | −0.084 | −0.264 | 0.097 | .29 | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| Quality | 7:30 to 7:59 vs before 7:30 | 0.081 | −0.078 | 0.240 | .24 |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | −0.049 | −0.170 | 0.072 | .34 | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| Bedtime | 7:30 to 7:59 vs before 7:30 | 0.226 | −0.086 | 0.538 | .13 |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| Wake time | 7:30 to 7:59 vs before 7:30 | −0.015 | −0.809 | 0.778 | .96 |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | 0.154 | −0.249 | 0.556 | .41 | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| Chronotype | 7:30 to 7:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| Sleepiness | 7:30 to 7:59 vs before 7:30 | 0.272 | −0.115 | 0.658 | .14 |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| Socioemotional | 7:30 to 7:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| Negative | 7:30 to 7:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| Academic | 7:30 to 7:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs before 7:30 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
Age was adjusted in all analyses. Estimates with df < 4 are not considered to be reliable. ES, effect sizes assessed in correlation. —, refer to analyses where the degrees of freedom was less than 4, which would provide unreliable estimates, therefore estimates were not analyzed.
*
P < .05
**
P < .10.