TABLE 3.
Moderating Effects of Later School Start Time for the Association between School Start Time and Youth Outcomes
| 95% CI | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Developmental Outcomes | New School Start Time | ES | Lower | Upper | P |
|
| |||||
| Aggregated outcome | 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | 0.056 | −0.077 | 0.190 | .39 | |
| After 9 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | −0.056 | −0.232 | 0.120 | .47 | |
| After 9 vs 8:30 to 8:59 | −0.112 | −0.279 | 0.054 | .15 | |
| Sleep | 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | 0.128 | −0.018 | 0.274 | .08** | |
| After 9 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | −0.034 | −0.200 | 0.132 | .64 | |
| After 9 vs 8:30 to 8:59 | −0.162 | −0.357 | 0.033 | .08** | |
| Duration | 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | 0.113 | −0.108 | 0.334 | .28 | |
| After 9 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | 0.062 | −0.184 | 0.309 | .52 | |
| After 9 vs 8:30 to 8:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| Quality | 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | 0.130 | 0.045 | 0.214 | .01* | |
| After 9 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 8:30 to 8:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| Bedtime | 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | −0.066 | −0.350 | 0.218 | .61 | |
| After 9 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | −0.152 | −0.612 | 0.308 | .46 | |
| After 9 vs 8:30 to 8:59 | −0.086 | −0.471 | 0.298 | .61 | |
| Wake time | 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | 0.267 | −0.240 | 0.775 | .25 | |
| After 9 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | −0.076 | −1.127 | 0.974 | .85 | |
| After 9 vs 8:30 to 8:59 | −0.344 | −1.523 | 0.835 | .47 | |
| Chronotype | 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59a | — | — | — | — |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59a | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 7:30 to 7:59a | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29a | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 8:00 to 8:29a | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 8:30 to 8:59a | — | — | — | — | |
| Sleepiness | 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | 0.219 | −0.166 | 0.604 | .22 | |
| After 9 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | −0.137 | −0.339 | 0.064 | .13 | |
| After 9 vs 8:30 to 8:59 | −0.356 | −0.844 | 0.132 | .11 | |
| Socioemotional | 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59a | — | — | — | — |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 8:30 to 8:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| Negative | 8:00 to 8:29 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 7:30 to 7:59 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 8:00 to 8:29 | — | — | — | — | |
| After 9 vs 8:30 to 8:59 | — | — | — | — | |
Age was adjusted in all analyses. Estimates with df < 4 are not considered to be reliable. ES, effect sizes assessed in correlation; —, refer to analyses where the degrees of freedom was less than 4, which would provide unreliable estimates, therefore estimates were not analyzed.
a
These variables contain issues of convergence.
*
P < .05
**
P < .10.