TABLE 4.
Subgroup Analyses for the Association between School Start Time and Youth Outcomes by Initial School Start Time
| 95% CI | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Developmental Outcomes | Initial School Start Time | n | m | ES | Lower | Upper | P |
|
| |||||||
| Aggregated outcome | Before 7:30 | 7 | 67 | −0.006 | −0.082 | 0.071 | .86 |
| 7:30 to 7:59 | 13 | 160 | 0.116 | 0.030 | 0.203 | .01* | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 5 | 58 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 2 | 45 | — | — | — | — | |
| Sleep | Before 7:30 | 7 | 59 | −0.063 | −0.209 | 0.083 | .33 |
| 7:30 to 7:59 | 12 | 123 | 0.116 | 0.009 | 0.224 | .04* | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 5 | 34 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 2 | 26 | — | — | — | — | |
| Duration | Before 7:30 | 6 | 15 | −0.016 | −0.216 | 0.185 | .85 |
| 7:30 to 7:59 | 11 | 37 | 0.180 | 0.018 | 0.343 | .03* | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 5 | 14 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 2 | 5 | — | — | — | — | |
| Quality | Before 7:30 | 3 | 8 | — | — | — | — |
| 7:30 to 7:59 | 6 | 24 | −0.038 | −0.166 | 0.091 | .47 | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 3 | 3 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59a | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Bedtime | Before 7:30 | 4 | 12 | — | — | — | — |
| 7:30 to 7:59 | 10 | 21 | 0.182 | −0.070 | 0.434 | .14 | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 3 | 5 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 2 | 6 | — | — | — | — | |
| Wake time | Before 7:30 | 3 | 9 | — | — | — | — |
| 7:30 to 7:59 | 10 | 21 | −0.016 | −0.400 | 0.368 | .93 | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 3 | 4 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59a | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Chronotype | Before 7:30a | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 7:30 to 7:59 | 3 | 3 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 2 | 3 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59a | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Sleepiness | Before 7:30 | 4 | 9 | — | — | — | — |
| 7:30 to 7:59 | 6 | 14 | 0.295 | −0.095 | 0.686 | .11 | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 2 | 4 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 2 | 3 | — | — | — | — | |
| Socioemotional | Before 7:30a | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 7:30 to 7:59 | 4 | 22 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 2 | 4 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 2 | 8 | — | — | — | — | |
| Negative | Before 7:30a | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 7:30 to 7:59 | 4 | 16 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29a | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 2 | 7 | — | — | — | — | |
| Academic | Before 7:30a | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 7:30 to 7:59 | 3 | 7 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:00 to 8:29a | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59a | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Age was adjusted in all analyses. Estimates with df < 4 are not considered to be reliable. ES, effect sizes assessed in correlation; m, number of effect sizes; n, number of studies. —, refer to analyses where the degrees of freedom was less than 4, which would provide unreliable estimates, therefore estimates were not analyzed
a
These variables contain issues of convergence.
*
P < .05.