TABLE 5.
Subgroup Analyses for the Association between School Start Time and Youth Outcomes by Later School Start Time
| 95% CI | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Developmental Outcomes | Initial School Start Time | n | m | ES | Lower | Upper | P |
|
| |||||||
| Aggregated outcome | 7:30 to 7:59 | 3 | 24 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 11 | 117 | 0.037 | −0.046 | 0.120 | .34 | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 11 | 123 | 0.100 | 0.018 | 0.182 | .02* | |
| 9 or after | 4 | 78 | — | — | — | — | |
| Sleep | 7:30 to 7:59 | 3 | 17 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 9 | 89 | 0.026 | −0.048 | 0.099 | .44 | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 11 | 94 | 0.141 | 0.032 | 0.250 | .02* | |
| 9 or after | 4 | 52 | — | — | — | — | |
| Duration | 7:30 to 7:59 | 3 | 6 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 8 | 33 | 0.056 | −0.087 | 0.200 | .38 | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 11 | 24 | 0.184 | 0.029 | 0.339 | .02* | |
| 9 or after | 3 | 9 | — | — | — | — | |
| Quality | 7:30 to 7:59a | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 4 | 10 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 5 | 23 | — | — | — | — | |
| 9 or after | 2 | 4 | — | — | — | — | |
| Bedtime | 7:30 to 7:59 | 3 | 4 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 6 | 16 | 0.222 | −0.221 | 0.665 | .25 | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 7 | 14 | 0.168 | −0.181 | 0.517 | .28 | |
| 9 or after | 4 | 12 | — | — | — | — | |
| Wake time | 7:30 to 7:59 | 3 | 4 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 5 | 13 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 7 | 13 | 0.015 | −0.785 | 0.815 | .96 | |
| 9 or after | 3 | 10 | — | — | — | — | |
| Chronotype | 7:30 to 7:59a | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 2 | 2 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 4 | 4 | — | — | — | — | |
| 9 or after | 2 | 4 | — | — | — | — | |
| Sleepiness | 7:30 to 7:59 | 2 | 2 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 5 | 12 | 0.188 | −0.118 | 0.495 | .16 | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 5 | 12 | 0.448 | −0.166 | 1.060 | .11 | |
| 9 or after | 3 | 5 | — | — | — | — | |
| Socioemotional | 7:30 to 7:59 | 1 | 7 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 1 | 9 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 3 | 10 | — | — | — | — | |
| 9 or after | 2 | 11 | — | — | — | — | |
| Negative | 7:30 to 7:59 | 1 | 5 | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 1 | 6 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 2 | 7 | — | — | — | — | |
| 9 or after | 2 | 10 | — | — | — | — | |
| Academic | 7:30 to 7:59a | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 8:00 to 8:29 | 3 | 7 | — | — | — | — | |
| 8:30 to 8:59 | 2 | 2 | — | — | — | — | |
| 9 or aftera | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Age was adjusted in all analyses. Estimates with df < 4 are not considered to be reliable. ES, effect sizes assessed in correlation; m, number of effect sizes; —, XXX. n, number of studies.
*
P < .05.