TABLE 7.
Moderating Effects of School Characteristics for the Association Between School Start Time and Youth Outcomes
| 95% CI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderator | Developmental Outcomes | Predictor | ES | Lower | Upper | P |
|
| ||||||
| School level | Aggregated outcome | Middle vs Elementary | 0.008 | −0.084 | 0.101 | .85 |
| High vs Elementary | −0.097 | −0.277 | 0.083 | .25 | ||
| High vs Middle | −0.070 | −0.300 | 0.161 | .49 | ||
| Sleep | Middle vs Elementary | −0.043 | −0.209 | 0.123 | .59 | |
| High vs Elementary | −0.126 | −0.480 | 0.228 | .38 | ||
| High vs Middle | — | — | — | — | ||
| Duration | Middle vs Elementary | −0.045 | −0.272 | 0.181 | .68 | |
| High vs Elementary | −0.089 | −0.610 | 0.432 | .67 | ||
| High vs Middle | — | — | — | — | ||
| Quality | Middle vs Elementary | — | — | — | — | |
| High vs Elementary | — | — | — | — | ||
| High vs Middle | — | — | — | — | ||
| Bedtime | Middle vs Elementary | −0.078 | −0.437 | 0.281 | .64 | |
| High vs Elementary | — | — | — | — | ||
| High vs Middle | — | — | — | — | ||
| Wake time | Middle vs Elementary | 0.074 | −0.542 | 0.690 | .79 | |
| High vs Elementary | — | — | — | — | ||
| High vs Middle | — | — | — | — | ||
| Sleepiness | Middle vs Elementary | −0.259 | −0.632 | 0.114 | .14 | |
| High vs Elementary | — | — | — | — | ||
| High vs Middle | 0.268 | 0.081 | 0.455 | .01* | ||
| Academic | Middle vs Elementary | — | — | — | — | |
| High vs Elementary | — | — | — | — | ||
| High vs Middle | — | — | — | — | ||
| School sector | Aggregated outcome | Private vs Public | 0.093 | −0.018 | 0.204 | .09*** |
| Sleep | Private vs Public | 0.151 | 0.001 | 0.301 | .04* | |
| Duration | Private vs Public | 0.108 | −0.118 | 0.334 | .32 | |
| Quality | Private vs Public | — | — | — | — | |
| Bedtime | Private vs Public | −0.058 | −0.285 | 0.169 | .56 | |
| Wake time | Private vs Public | 0.489 | 0.030 | 0.947 | .04** | |
| Chronotype | Private vs Public | — | — | — | — | |
| Sleepiness | Private vs Public | — | — | — | — | |
| Socioemotional | Private vs Public | — | — | — | — | |
| Negativea | Private vs Public | |||||
| Academic | Private vs Public | −0.138 | −0.367 | 0.091 | .18 | |
| School size | Aggregated outcome | School size | — | — | — | — |
| Sleep | School size | — | — | — | — | |
| Duration | School size | — | — | — | — | |
| Qualitya | School size | |||||
| Bedtime | School size | — | — | — | — | |
| Wake time | School size | — | — | — | — | |
| Chronotypea | School size | — | — | — | — | |
| Sleepiness | School size | — | — | — | — | |
| Socioemotionala | School size | — | — | — | — | |
| Negativea | School size | — | — | — | — | |
| Academic | School size | — | — | — | — | |
| School SES | Aggregated outcome | School FRPL % | — | — | — | — |
| Sleep | School FRPL % | — | — | — | — | |
| Durationa | School FRPL % | — | — | — | — | |
| Qualitya | School FRPL % | — | — | — | — | |
| Bedtimea | School FRPL % | — | — | — | — | |
| Wake timea | School FRPL % | — | — | — | — | |
| Chronotypea | School FRPL % | — | — | — | — | |
| Sleepinessa | School FRPL % | — | — | — | — | |
| Socioemotionala | School FRPL % | — | — | — | — | |
| Negativea | School FRPL % | — | — | — | — | |
| Academic | School FRPL % | — | — | — | — | |
| Racial or ethnic composition | Aggregated outcome | School minority % | — | — | — | — |
| Sleep | School minority % | — | — | — | — | |
| Durationa | School minority % | — | — | — | — | |
| Qualitya | School minority % | — | — | — | — | |
| Bedtimea | School minority % | — | — | — | — | |
| Wake timea | School minority % | — | — | — | — | |
| Chronotypea | School minority % | — | — | — | — | |
| Sleepinessa | School minority % | — | — | — | — | |
| Socioemotionala | School minority % | — | — | — | — | |
| Negativea | School minority % | — | — | — | — | |
| Academic | School minority % | — | — | — | — | |
| Urbanicity | Aggregated outcome | Suburb vs Urban | 0.160 | −0.147 | 0.468 | .25 |
| Rural vs Urban | — | — | — | — | ||
| Rural vs Suburb | — | — | — | — | ||
| Sleep | Suburb vs Urban | −0.070 | −0.584 | 0.444 | .73 | |
| Rural vs Urban | — | — | — | — | ||
| Rural vs Suburb | 0.012 | −0.135 | 0.159 | .84 | ||
| Duration | Suburb vs Urban | −0.024 | −0.659 | 0.611 | .92 | |
| Rural vs Urban | — | — | — | — | ||
| Rural vs Suburb | −0.036 | −0.228 | 0.157 | .65 | ||
| Sleepiness | Suburb vs Urban | — | — | — | — | |
| Rural vs Urban | — | — | — | — | ||
| Rural vs Suburb | — | — | — | — | ||
| Academic | Suburb vs Urban | — | — | — | — | |
| Rural vs Urban | — | — | — | — | ||
| Rural vs Suburb | — | — | — | — | ||
| Region | Aggregated outcome | South vs West | 0.057 | −0.203 | 0.316 | .59 |
| Northeast vs West | 0.006 | −0.144 | 0.156 | .92 | ||
| Midwest vs West | — | — | — | — | ||
| Multi vs West | 0.004 | −0.122 | 0.129 | .94 | ||
| Northeast vs South | −0.003 | −0.183 | 0.177 | .96 | ||
| Midwest vs South | — | — | — | — | ||
| Multi vs South | −0.002 | −0.153 | 0.148 | .97 | ||
| Midwest vs Northeast | — | — | — | — | ||
| Multi vs Northeast | 0.003 | −0.110 | 0.116 | .95 | ||
| Multi vs Midwest | 0.006 | −0.119 | 0.132 | .89 | ||
| Sleep | South vs West | — | — | — | — | |
| Northeast vs West | — | — | — | — | ||
| Midwest vs West | — | — | — | — | ||
| Multi vs West | — | — | — | — | ||
| Northeast vs South | — | — | — | — | ||
| Midwest vs South | — | — | — | — | ||
| Multi vs South | — | — | — | — | ||
| Midwest vs Northeast | — | — | — | — | ||
| Multi vs Northeast | 0.076 | −0.108 | 0.260 | .34 | ||
| Multi vs Midwest | — | — | — | — | ||
| Duration | South vs West | — | — | — | — | |
| Northeast vs West | — | — | — | — | ||
| Midwest vs West | — | — | — | — | ||
| Multi vs West | — | — | — | — | ||
| Northeast vs South | — | — | — | — | ||
| Midwest vs South | — | — | — | — | ||
| Multi vs South | — | — | — | — | ||
| Midwest vs Northeast | — | — | — | — | ||
| Multi vs Northeast | 0.100 | −0.175 | 0.374 | .40 | ||
| Multi vs Midwest | — | — | — | — | ||
| Geography | Aggregated outcome | EU vs NA | — | — | — | — |
| Asia vs NA | 0.018 | −0.137 | 0.173 | .77 | ||
| Asia vs EU | 0.119 | −0.052 | 0.289 | .13 | ||
| Sleep | EU vs NA | — | — | — | — | |
| Asia vs NA | 0.038 | −0.156 | 0.232 | .63 | ||
| Asia vs EU | 0.101 | −0.108 | 0.311 | .26 | ||
| Duration | EU vs NA | — | — | — | — | |
| Asia vs NA | −0.054 | −0.273 | 0.164 | .55 | ||
| Asia vs EU | — | — | — | — | ||
| Quality1 | EU vs NA1 | — | — | — | — | |
| Asia vs NA1 | — | — | — | — | ||
| Asia vs EU1 | — | — | — | — | ||
| Bedtime | EU vs NA | −0.209 | −0.346 | −0.071 | .007** | |
| Asia vs NA | 0.251 | −0.312 | 0.813 | .31 | ||
| Asia vs EU | — | — | — | — | ||
| Wake time1 | EU vs NA1 | — | — | — | — | |
| Asia vs NA1 | — | — | — | — | ||
| Asia vs EUa | — | — | — | — | ||
| Chronotypea | EU vs NAa | — | — | — | — | |
| Asia vs NAa | — | — | — | — | ||
| Asia vs EUa | — | — | — | — | ||
| Sleepiness | EU vs NA | — | — | — | — | |
| Asia vs NA | 0.294 | −0.247 | 0.834 | .24 | ||
| Asia vs EU | — | — | — | — | ||
| Socioemotional | EU vs NA | — | — | — | — | |
| Asia vs NA | 0.095 | −0.006 | 0.197 | .06*** | ||
| Asia vs EU | — | — | — | — | ||
| Negative | EU vs NA | — | — | — | — | |
| Asia vs NA | — | — | — | — | ||
| Asia vs EU | — | — | — | — | ||
| Academic | EU vs NA | −0.214 | −0.430 | 0.001 | .05*** | |
| Asia vs NA | −0.158 | −0.374 | 0.057 | .12 | ||
| Asia vs EU | 0.056 | — | — | — | ||
Age was adjusted in all analyses. Estimates with df < 4 are not considered to be reliable. ES, effect sizes assessed in correlation; —, refer to analyses where the degrees of freedom was less than 4, which would provide unreliable estimates, therefore estimates were not analyzed.
a
These variables contain issues of convergence.
*
P < .05
**
P < .01
***
P < .001.