Table 3.

Comparison of preschool children’s SDQ scores with the Shanghai norm.

Age		4-year age group		t	p	5-year age group		t	p	6-year age group		t	p
Group		This study	The Shanghai norm			This study	The Shanghai norm			This study	The Shanghai norm
Total		721	189			757	180			412	155
Emotional Symptoms	Boys	1.45(1.33)	1.94(1.41)	−3.026	0.003**	1.50(1.43)	1.85(1.60)	−2.084	0.038*	1.53(1.37)	1.78(1.75)	−1.166	0.246
	Girls	1.57(1.45)	1.96(1.70)	−2.126	0.035*	1.54(1.41)	2.12(1.62)	−3.040	0.003**	1.49(1.35)	2.68(2.20)	−4.331	0.000**
Conduct Problems	Boys	1.98(1.38)	1.71(1.20)	1.811	0.072	1.89(1.35)	1.50(1.23)	2.574	0.010*	1.88(1.36)	1.46(1.28)	2.429	0.016*
	Girls	2.04(1.39)	1.25(1.02)	6.392	0.000**	1.80(1.33)	1.36(1.13)	3.124	0.002**	1.83(1.42)	1.23(1.14)	3.542	0.001**
Hyperactivity	Boys	4.05(1.82)	4.45(2.31)	−1.495	0.138	4.06(2.04)	4.53(2.30)	−1.961	0.050	3.99(1.96)	4.73(2.30)	−2.586	0.011*
	Girls	3.94(2.02)	3.63(2.24)	1.270	0.206	3.70(1.91)	4.01(2.28)	−1.161	0.248	3.53(1.99)	4.16(2.23)	−2.214	0.028*
Peer Problems	Boys	2.66(1.56)	2.10(1.60)	2.961	0.003**	2.63(1.49)	2.25(1.52)	2.224	0.027*	2.45(1.61)	2.52(1.50)	−0.342	0.733
	Girls	2.39(1.53)	2.09(1.59)	1.749	0.081	2.17(1.49)	2.21(1.37)	−0.226	0.821	2.44(1.53)	2.36(1.53)	0.380	0.704
Prosocial Behavior	Boys	7.07(1.94)	6.98(1.79)	0.390	0.696	7.43(1.89)	7.20(1.90)	1.063	0.288	7.44(1.90)	7.26(1.64)	0.814	0.417
	Girls	7.67(1.83)	7.39(1.78)	1.383	0.167	7.92(1.77)	7.83(1.71)	0.425	0.671	7.78(1.83)	7.59(1.87)	0.748	0.455
Total Difficulties	Boys	10.14(4.20)	10.20(4.25)	−1.118	0.906	10.08(4.65)	10.19(4.10)	−0.212	0.833	9.84(4.34)	10.48(4.25)	−1.149	0.251
	Girls	9.95(4.72)	8.93(4.16)	2.139	0.034*	9.20(4.53)	9.70(3.91)	−0.939	0.348	9.29(4.67)	10.43(4.83)	−1.752	0.081

^*p < 0.05 and

^**p < 0.01.

SDQ, strengths and difficulties questionnaire; Data are expressed as the means (SD).