Table 1.
Parent and Child Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics.
| Total Sample (N = 948) | Children Born to White British Mothers (N = 455) |
Children Born to Pakistani Mothers (N = 493) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Sex, N (%) | 0.7808 | |||
| Male | 492 (51.9) | 234 (51.4) | 258 (52.3) | |
| Female | 456 (48.1) | 221 (48.6) | 235 (47.7) | |
| Gestational age (weeks), mean (± SE) | 39.6 (± 0.1) | 39.7 (± 0.1) | 39.6 (± 0.1) | 0.1137 |
|
Birthweight (grams), mean (± SE) |
3279.6 (± 16.5) |
3378.5 (± 25.1) |
3188.2 (± 20.9) |
<0.0001* |
|
Parental characteristics |
|
|
|
|
| Mother’s age at time of child’s birth (years), mean (± SE) | 27.4 (± 0.2) | 26.8 (± 0.3) | 28.0 (± 0.3) | 0.0026* |
| Mother’s smoking status during pregnancy, N (%)a | <0.0001* | |||
| No | 778 (82.2) | 301 (66.2) | 477 (97.0) | |
| Yes | 169 (17.8) | 154 (33.8) | 15 (3.0) | |
| Mother’s alcohol use during pregnancy, N (%)a | <0.0001* | |||
| No | 752 (79.4) | 262 (57.6) | 490 (99.6) | |
| Yes | 195 (20.6) | 193 (42.4) | 2 (0.4) | |
| Mother’s body mass index at bookingb(kg/m2), mean (± SE) | 26.4 (± 0.2) | 27.0 (± 0.3) | 25.8 (± 0.2) | 0.0014* |
| Mother’s marital status, N (%)c | <0.0001* | |||
| Married and living with partner | 619 (65.4) | 163 (35.9) | 456 (92.7) | |
| Not married and living with partner | 174 (18.4) | 173 (38.1) | 1 (0.2) | |
| Not living with partner | 153 (16.2) | 118 (26.0) | 35 (7.1) | |
| Mother’s education level, N (%)d | <0.0001* | |||
| < 5 GCSE equivalent | 224 (23.8) | 88 (19.5) | 136 (27.8) | |
| 5 GCSE equivalent | 314 (33.3) | 163 (36.1) | 151 (30.8) | |
| A-level equivalent | 149 (15.8) | 86 (19.0) | 63 (12.9) | |
| > A-level equivalent | 213 (22.6) | 84 (18.6) | 129 (26.3) | |
| Other | 42 (4.5) | 31 (6.9) | 11 (2.2) | |
| Mother’s employment status, N (%)a | <0.0001* | |||
| Employed | 400 (42.2) | 285 (62.6) | 115 (23.4) | |
| Unemployed | 254 (26.8) | 127 (27.9) | 127 (25.8) | |
| Never employed | 293 (30.9) | 43 (9.5) | 250 (50.8) | |
| Mother’s housing tenuree | <0.0001* | |||
| Own | 122 (13.0) | 14 (3.1) | 108 (22.3) | |
| Mortgage | 457 (48.7) | 239 (52.8) | 218 (44.9) | |
| Rent | 359 (38.3) | 200 (44.2) | 159 (32.8) | |
| Mother’s receipt of means-tested benefits | 0.0002* | |||
| No | 543 (57.3) | 289 (63.5) | 254 (51.5) | |
| Yes | 405 (42.7) | 166 (34.5) | 239 (48.5) | |
| Mother’s subjective financial securitya | ||||
| Living comfortably or doing alright | 647 (68.3) | 321 (70.6) | 326 (66.1) | 0.2307 |
| Just about getting by, quite difficult or very difficult | 300 (31.7) | 134 (29.4) | 166 (33.7) | |
| Mother’s index of multiple deprivation quintile, N (%) | <0.0001* | |||
| 1 (most deprived) | 611 (64.5) | 210 (46.2) | 401 (81.3) | |
| 2 | 173 (18.3) | 111 (24.4) | 62 (12.6) | |
| 3 | 105 (11.1) | 81 (17.8) | 24 (4.9) | |
| 4 | 41 (4.3) | 37 (8.1) | 4 (0.8) | |
| 5 (least deprived) | 18 (1.9) | 16 (3.5) | 2 (0.4) | |
| Father’s education level, N (%)f | 0.0031* | |||
| < 5 GCSE equivalent | 159 (21.2) | 79 (21.8) | 80 (20.7) | |
| 5 GCSE equivalent | 239 (31.9) | 125 (34.4) | 114 (29.5) | |
| A-level equivalent | 101 (13.5) | 53 (14.6) | 48 (12.4) | |
| > A-level equivalent | 211 (28.2) | 76 (20.9) | 135 (34.9) | |
| Other | 39 (5.2) | 29 (8.0) | 10 (2.6) | |
| Father’s employment status, N (%)g | <0.0001* | |||
| Employed – non-manual occupation | 366 (40.5) | 220 (51.9) | 146 (30.5) | |
| Employed – manual occupation | 304 (33.7) | 115 (27.1) | 189 (39.5) | |
| Self-employed | 147 (16.3) | 46 (10.8) | 101 (21.1) | |
| Unemployed or student | 86 (9.5) | 43 (10.1) | 43 (9.0) |
*p-value < 0.05. aN = 947, bN = 913, cN = 946, dN = 942, eN = 938, fN = 749, gN = 903. SE; standard error.