Table 2.

Epigenome-wide association study results for differential methylation (q < 0.05) at CpG sites associated with Pb quantified in maternal toenail (ng/g), infant toenail (ng/g), and placenta (ug/g) samples.

Probe	Position	Gene	Estimate	SE	p-value	q-value
Maternal toenail+
cg16285217	chr2:20,095,489		−0.0022	0.0004	7.57E-09	0.0053
cg11374425	chr3:62,359,677	FEZF2	0.0033	0.0006	7.20E-08	0.0101
cg10012394	chr5:63,461,371	RNF180	0.0114	0.0020	1.95E-08	0.0063
cg06821993	chr8:114,449,011	CSMD3	0.0322	0.0056	4.70E-08	0.0082
cg19902005	chr11:57,545,678	TMX2-CTNND1; CTNND1	0.0089	0.0016	1.81E-07	0.0114
cg06090833	chr14:32,288,033	NUBPL	−0.0047	0.0009	1.89E-07	0.0114
cg00049033	chr16:49,317,080	CBLN1	0.0251	0.0045	1.33E-07	0.0114
cg10018294	chr17:911,609	ABR	−0.0080	0.0014	2.69E-08	0.0063
cg04295815	chr17:27,045,188	RAB34	−0.0054	0.0010	1.04E-07	0.0114
cg21667047	chr20:9,495,726	LAMP5-AS1; LAMP5	0.0207	0.0038	1.99E-07	0.0114
Infant toenail+
cg10814131	chr1:203,009,651	PPFIA4	−0.0087	0.0016	1.23E-07	0.0108
cg11365072	chr5:154,392,274	KIF4B	−0.0031	0.0005	3.53E-08	0.0058
cg10299585	chr12:54,321,717		0.0147	0.0026	4.95E-08	0.0058
cg07136023	chr16:86,537,316		0.0137	0.0024	4.70E-08	0.0058
cg09422806	chr19:3,364,015	NFIC	−0.0149	0.0027	2.12E-07	0.0148
cg04640975	chr19:3,464,991		−0.0129	0.0021	9.39E-09	0.0033
cg02859421	chr19:3,465,071		−0.0091	0.0016	7.02E-08	0.0070
cg13822446	chr19:46,235,676	BHMG1	−0.0042	0.0008	1.74E-07	0.0135
cg03359161	chr20:39,191,619		−0.0020	0.0003	4.46E-08	0.0058
cg15445952	chr22:43,653,574	SCUBE1	−0.0203	0.0030	2.29E-10	0.0002
Placenta
cg04773990	chr6:32,820,410	TAP1	−0.0039	0.0005	2.78E-11	<0.0001
cg09465791	chr20:19,633,301	SLC24A3	−0.0106	0.0018	4.55E-08	0.0159

+ Top 10 sites are shown.

Note: Estimates reflect the change in DNA methylation per doubling (log₂) of Pb concentration.