Table 3.

The relationships between social participation (2019) and preventive and health-promoting promoting behaviors (2020)

Preventive and health-promoting behavior in 2020	Wash/disinfects hands				Wear masks				Keep social distance				Ventilate/sanitize rooms				Do cough etiquette
Social participation in 2019	OR	[95%CI]		P	OR	[95%CI]		P	CIR	[95%CI]		P	CIR	[95%CI]		P	CIR	[95%CI]		P
Volunteering n = 9,054	1.22	1.01	1.48	0.040	1.05	0.77	1.43	0.749	1.06	1.01	1.11	0.016	1.07	1.03	1.12	0.002	1.05	1.01	1.09	0.009
Sports n = 9,132	1.39	1.17	1.64	<0.001	1.10	0.83	1.45	0.499	1.00	0.96	1.04	0.886	1.00	0.96	1.04	0.994	1.04	1.00	1.07	0.025
Hobbies n = 9,280	1.22	1.05	1.42	0.011	1.01	0.78	1.30	0.947	1.01	0.97	1.05	0.590	1.02	0.98	1.07	0.234	1.06	1.02	1.09	0.001
Seniors n = 9,163	1.02	0.82	1.27	0.849	1.14	0.79	1.66	0.489	0.98	0.92	1.04	0.547	1.02	0.96	1.08	0.567	1.01	0.96	1.06	0.654
Neighborhood n = 9,203	1.11	0.95	1.30	0.180	1.23	0.94	1.60	0.128	1.03	0.99	1.07	0.188	1.07	1.02	1.11	0.002	1.02	0.99	1.06	0.170
Learning n = 9,069	1.27	1.00	1.60	0.046	1.50	0.98	2.29	0.062	1.11	1.06	1.17	<0.001	1.08	1.03	1.14	0.001	1.08	1.03	1.12	<0.001
Kayoi-no-ba n = 9,208	1.11	0.89	1.39	0.359	0.96	0.67	1.39	0.840	1.04	0.98	1.09	0.202	1.07	1.02	1.12	0.008	1.01	0.97	1.06	0.641
Skills n = 9,145	1.29	1.01	1.67	0.045	0.98	0.66	1.44	0.901	1.10	1.05	1.17	<0.001	1.16	1.10	1.22	<0.001	1.10	1.06	1.15	<0.001
Work n = 9,701	1.11	0.94	1.30	0.221	0.97	0.74	1.27	0.840	0.89	0.86	0.93	<0.001	0.99	0.95	1.04	0.819	0.99	0.95	1.02	0.459
Preventive and health-promoting behavior in 2020	Do exercise				Avoid crowded places				Eat healthy meals				Recommend preventive behavior				Highly implemented preventive and health-promoting behavior
Social participation in 2019	CIR	[95%CI]		P	CIR	[95%CI]		P	CIR	[95%CI]		P	CIR	[95%CI]		P	CIR	[95%CI]		P
Volunteering n = 9,054	1.25	1.18	1.31	<0.001	0.99	0.97	1.02	0.673	1.10	1.05	1.15	0.001	1.15	1.06	1.24	<0.001	1.17	1.10	1.24	<0.001
Sports n = 9,132	1.68	1.60	1.76	<0.001	0.97	0.95	0.99	0.005	1.12	1.07	1.16	<0.001	1.05	0.97	1.12	0.212	1.24	1.17	1.31	<0.001
Hobbies n = 9,280	1.34	1.27	1.41	<0.001	0.99	0.97	1.01	0.314	1.15	1.10	1.20	<0.001	1.13	1.06	1.21	<0.001	1.22	1.15	1.29	<0.001
Seniors n = 9,163	1.10	1.03	1.18	0.004	0.98	0.95	1.02	0.353	1.07	1.02	1.13	0.008	1.21	1.10	1.32	<0.001	1.05	0.97	1.14	0.214
Neighborhood n = 9,203	1.05	1.00	1.10	0.078	1.00	0.98	1.03	0.767	1.03	0.99	1.07	0.193	1.10	1.03	1.17	0.007	1.07	1.01	1.13	0.026
Learning n = 9,069	1.27	1.20	1.34	<0.001	1.03	1.00	1.06	0.058	1.21	1.16	1.27	<0.001	1.14	1.05	1.25	0.002	1.29	1.20	1.37	<0.001
Kayoi-no-ba n = 9,208	1.50	1.43	1.59	<0.001	0.98	0.95	1.01	0.264	1.13	1.08	1.18	<0.001	1.18	1.09	1.28	<0.001	1.24	1.16	1.33	<0.001
Skills n = 9,145	1.24	1.17	1.32	<0.001	1.00	0.97	1.03	0.882	1.21	1.15	1.27	<0.001	1.30	1.19	1.42	<0.001	1.36	1.27	1.46	<0.001
Work n = 9,701	0.81	0.77	0.86	<0.001	0.95	0.92	0.97	<0.001	0.93	0.89	0.97	0.001	1.02	0.94	1.09	0.669	0.85	0.80	0.91	<0.001

Adjusted for age, sex, marital status, annual equalized household income, education, living status, self-reported medical illness, living in 13 designated prefectures and population ≥100,000, instrumental activities of daily living, depressive symptoms. Ref. non-participation in the respective social activity in 2019.

OR: odds ratios, CIR: cumulative incidence ratio, CI: confidence interval