Table 3.

Studies evaluating procedural outcomes

Author	Strategy	utcome	Improved performance	Specialty	Evidence	Year	Country	n
Bernie et al. [41]	Da Vinci surgical system	TTC, blood loss, hospital stay, complications	Yes (hospital stay + number of complications)	Urology	IV	2005	America	1
Chen et al. [42]	Robotic surgical system	RVBS success rate in ex vivo porcine eyes	Yes	Ophthalmology	IV	2017	China	1
Knight et al. [43]	Zeus surgical system	Patency of rat femoral artery anastomoses	No	Pediatric surgery	IV	2005	America	NS
You et al. [44]	Da Vinci surgical system	TTC, hospital stay, complications, and mortality	No	General surgery	III	2013	Korea	1
Fleming et al. [45]	Co-op robotic surgical assistant	Time to cannulation, successful cannulation, and successfully maintained cannulation	Yes	Ophthalmology	IV	2008	America	19
Csókay et al. [22]	I–III finger support, which holds the instruments on Bethlehem bridge	Complication rate from 23 cases	Yes	Neurosurgery	III	2009	Hungary	NS
Basaran et al. [40]	Fatigue and sleep deprivation	Anastomosis patency rates	No (less fatigue)	Plastic surgery	III	2015	Turkey	1

RMS root mean square, RMSE root-mean-square error, N novice, E expert, L longer time, S shorter time, A average, M maximum, MTS microvascular tremor scale, TTC time to completion, TLM transoral laser microsurgery, RVBS retinal vein bypass surgery, NS not specified