TABLE 3.
Cost distribution of heart failure patients categorised based on left ventricular function.
| Setting | Cost component | HFrEF (EF ≤ 40%), n = 263 | HFmrEF (EF 41–49%), n = 34 | HFpEF (EF ≥ 50%), n = 32 | |||
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| Cost PPPY, (USD) mean (SD), median (quartilesa) |
% of cost PPPYb |
Cost PPPY, (USD) mean (SD), median (quartilesa) |
% of cost PPPY b |
Cost PPPY, (USD) mean (SD), median (quartilesa) |
% of cost PPPYb |
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| Outpatient, n = 329 | Clinic Visits | 116 (77) | 6.1 | 110 (49) | 4.4 | 107 (96) | 4.4 |
| 97 (65, 162) | 97 (65, 129) | 97 (65, 129) | |||||
| Medications (tablets/capsules/vials/ampoules) | 210 (280) | 11.0 | 243 (281) | 9.8 | 172 (201) | 7.1 | |
| 102 (63, 182) | 129 (77, 304) | 100 (60, 185) | |||||
| Diagnostic Tests | 164 (157) | 8.6 | 203 (175) | 8.2 | 233 (223) | 9.7 | |
| 121(43, 231) | 174 (49, 301) | 228 (32, 413) | |||||
| Total | 489 (353) | 25.6 | 556 (333) | 22.5 | 512 (326) | 21.2 | |
| 395 (233, 644) | 460 (353, 708) | 445 (258, 634) | |||||
| Inpatient, n = 101 | Hospitalisations (bed-day) | 413 (415) | 21.7 | 299 (160) | 12.1 | 657 (519) | 27.3 |
| 305 (210, 445) | 305 (235, 396) | 541 (300, 717) | |||||
| Medications (tablets/capsules/vials/ampoules) | 20 (48) | 1.0 | 13 (20) | 0.5 | 178 (353) | 7.4 | |
| 3 (1, 18) | 5 (2, 12) | 24(20, 85) | |||||
| Diagnostic Tests | 410 (271) | 21.5 | 437 (121) | 17.7 | 576 (649) | 23.9 | |
| 379 (214, 519) | 390 (351, 539) | 330 (154, 664) | |||||
| Procedures | 577 (1,527) | 30.2 | 1,166 (1,597) | 47.2 | 486 (1,190) | 20.2 | |
| 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 2,915) | 0 (0, 0) | |||||
| Total | 1,420 (1,795) | 74.4 | 1,916 (1,686) | 77.5 | 1,898 (1,985) | 78.8 | |
| 662 (522, 1,206) | 846 (818, 3,544) | 983 (474, 2,962) | |||||
| Total cost PPPY, (USD) | |||||||
| Mean (SD) | 1,909 (1,291) | 100 | 2,471 (991) | 100 | 2,410 (1,226) | 100 | |
| Median (quartilesa) | 600 (294, 1,025) | 514 (367, 837) | 492 (279, 739) | ||||
EF, ejection fraction; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; PPPY, per patient per year; USD, United States dollar; SD, standard deviation.
aFirst quartile and third quartile were used to describe the distribution of the cost because the costs were skewed to the right.
bPercentage of cost per patient per year was generated for mean cost only.
USD 1 = RM 4.134.