TABLE 5.

Differential DNA methylation of key genes involved in sex determination and/or differentiation.

Species	Major findings	References
European sea bass	Juvenile males have double the DNA methylation levels of females in the promoter of gonadal aromatase Cyp19a whose methylation is involved in temperature-dependent sex ratio shift	Navarro-Martín et al. (2011)
	Contrasting sex-specific methylation and temperature responses of cyp19a1a and dmrt1 genes	Anastasiadi et al. (2018)
Japanese flounder	High expression of dmrt1 and cyp19a in males and females, respectively, which are negatively correlated with methylation of their promoters	Wen et al. (2014)
Zebrafish	Differential CpG methylated in the brain	Chatterjee et al. (2016)
	Hypomethylation of esr1 promotor and overexpression in females; sex-specific patterns of transcription with dnmt1, dnmt3, and hdac1	Laing et al. (2018)
Nile tilapia	Cyp19a1a is important for high temperature-induced masculinization	Wang et al. (2017b)
	High expression and low methylation of cyp19a	Chen et al. (2018a)
Hermaphrodite barramundi	cyp19a1 and amh were more methylated in males, whereas dmrt1 and nr5a2 were more methylated in females	Domingos et al. (2018)
Chinese sea perch	Hypomethylated cyp19a1a promoter region in females	Chen et al. (2018b)
Culter alburnus	Dmrt1 gene hypomethylated and highly expressed in males	Jia et al. (2019)
Large yellow croaker	Key genes of sex determination are differentially methylated in males, females, and neomales	He et al. (2020a)
Schizothorax kozlovi	High expression and low methylation of dmrt1 in males	He et al. (2020b)
Pelvicachromis pulcher	Sex-specific hypomethylation and expression in females of copy A of cyp19a1 gene	Driscoll et al. (2020)
Orange-spotted grouper	Hypomethylated cyp19a1a promoter region in females	Guo et al. (2021)
Olive flounder	Global methylation was higher in testis than in ovary	Liu et al. (2021)