TABLE 8.

Examples of studies of intergenerational and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.

Species	Treatment	Epigenetic marks or phenotypic analysis		References
Half-smooth tongue sole	High temperature induced sex reversal to pseudomales	Pseudomales produced F1 pseudomales without temperature treatment	Intergenerational	Shao et al. (2014)
Zebrafish	Crude oil containing diet	Global methylation of F1 was decreased as exposed parents	Intergenerational	Bautista et al. (2020)
Atlantic salmon	Captivity	Differential methylation in F1 with exposed parents	Intergenerational	Wellband et al. (2021)
Pipefish	Heat-killed bacteria	Expression of genes involved in DNA methylation	Intergenerational and transgenerational	Beemelmanns and Roth, (2017)
Zebrafish	benzo[a]pyrene exposure of F0 fish	F2 fish exhibited altered phenotypes	Transgenerational	Knecht et al. (2017)
Zebrafish	Mercury exposure of F0	F2 fish exhibited altered phenotypes	Transgenerational	Carvan et al. (2017)
Zebrafish	Permethrin exposure of F0	F2 fish exhibited altered phenotypes	Transgenerational
Zebrafish	F0 exposure to mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and 5-azacytidine	Differential methylation in F1 and F2	Intergenerational and transgenerational	Kamstra et al. (2017)
Medaka	F0 exposure to bisphenol A and 17α-ethinylestradiol	Changed gene expression in F2	Transgenerational	Thayil et al. (2020)
Atlantic molly	Exposure of F0 fish to hydrogen sulfide	80% overlap of epigenetic profiles of F2 of treated F0 fish	Transgenerational	Kelley et al. (2021)
Artemia franciscana	Phloroglucinol Treatment	Elevated methylation was observed in F1, and in cysts in F2 but not in F2 nor F3 of juveniles	Intergenerational and perhaps Transgenerational	Roy et al. (2019)
	Vibrio challenge or injection	Treated progenies had transgenerational immune memory		Roy et al. (2022)
Daphnia magna	Zinc exposure	Significant reduction of cytosine methylation in F1 but not in F2	Intergenerational	Vandegehuchte et al. (2009); Vandegehuchte et al. (2010a)
Daphnia magna	Exposure to 5-azacytidine		Transgenerational	Vandegehuchte et al. (2010b)
Daphnia magna	Chronic external γ-irradiation	Changes of DNA methylation were observed in F2 and F3 animals, but not very specific	Transgenerational	Trijau et al. (2018)
Daphnia magna	High salinity	Differential methylation of a set of specific genes were observed in exposed F0 and unexposed F1, F2, and F3 animals	Transgenerational	Jeremias et al. (2018)