Fig. 1. Both postbiotics and probiotics administration attenuated DSS-induced experimental colitis.

a Schematic illustration of the experimental design. The animal trial was performed with male specific pathogen-free C57BL/6 J mice (n = 7 per group). All mice were acclimatized for a week prior to ulcerative colitis induction by providing dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water. After acclimatization, the groups were randomized into four groups: Control, DSS, Postbiotic, and Probiotic, for respective interventions. b Body weight change of mice in the animal trial. c Disease activity index (DAI) scores at the end of the animal trial. d Colon length at the end of the animal trial. e Representative pictures of colon morphology of mice from the four treatment groups. f Representative micrographs of colon tissue sections of four groups of mice. g Histological scores of colon at the end of the animal trial. The error bars on the line and bar charts represented the standard deviations. The scale bar of representative images is ×40 by 200 μm. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.